A comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of heavy-haul traffic is a prerequisite for its implementation in world railway sector. The assessment should include the study of the effect of increased axial loads on degradation of the elements of the track’s superstructure, deformation parameters of the ballast layer and the track’s substructure, and of measures intended to reinforce the railway infrastructure accordingly. It is necessary to consider rather accurately the force factors acting on the track and generated by different types of rolling stock with various axial loads. The distribution of force factors for a specific section of a railway track is a multifactorial process, the quantitative parameters of which depend on the structure of the train traffic flow, the type of rolling stock and its share in the total daily train traffic passing through this section, speed limits set for the section, track profile (straight line, curve), technical conditions of rolling stock and elements of the track superstructure.

The objective of the work was to develop a technique for determining the integral law of distribution of vertical and lateral forces affecting the track and caused by wheels of different types of rolling stock, depending on the share of the operation of the respective types of rolling stock in the daily train traffic flow. Methods of mathematical statistics were used.

In the process of experimental studies of the effects of various types of rolling stock, the statistical distributions of vertical and lateral forces have been determined. The histograms of vertical and lateral forces have been approximated by theoretical laws. Kolmogorov–Smirnov fit criterion has been used to confirm goodness of chosen approximation functions. A technique has been developed for mixed freight and passenger railway traffic that allows to consider the contribution of the share of each type of rolling stock in the force impact on the track when calculating the total impact. The technique is based on real, experimentally established distributions of vertical and lateral forces, traffic speed at the considered section of the track with regard to seasonality (winter, summer), and can be used for the sections where heavyhaul traffic is being implemented.

The increase in railway speeds and the transition to unmanned transport control result in the growth of the role of operational management technologies exempt from excessive control of corporate headquarters.
The objective of the work is to study the subsidiaritybased control as a new technology of controlling moving objects, and to identify borders of its efficiency.
A subsidiarity-based control’s feature is that its efficiency may be revealed under certain conditions only and not always. Therefore, the application of subsidiaritybased control requires an analysis of operating conditions of vehicles. Subsidiarity-based control is an alternative to hierarchical control which is more efficient under simpler conditions.
The paper reveals the essence of subsidiarity in the social and engineering field, and results of the study on application and applicability of subsidiarity-based control for the railways, its core factors are analyzed. Comparison of signal block and subsidiarity-based control systems is made, followed by description of particularities of identification of the size of blocks within subsidiarity-based control system. Additional factors of subsidiarity-based control, comprising complementarity and astatism, are described. The relationship between subsidiarity-based management and control and implementation of digital railway concept is shown.

Digital transformations in various sectors of the national economy of many countries lead to an increase in demand for not only information, but also innovative technologies in general. Those current trends are fully manifested in largescale technological changes in the field of transport.
At the same time, the contents of tasks reflecting the trend for innovation, the priority of their formulation, as well as implementation mechanisms are determined in the context of socio-economic systems and development strategies of each state, taking into account its geopolitical position, participation in regional associations and organizations, many other factors affecting the nature of decisions made, formation of the strategic management of the innovative development of transport systems.
In Russia, the current public policy in the field of transport is focused on realizing the transit potential, improving the efficiency of transport services, and the level of economic connectivity of the territory through modernization and expansion of transport infrastructure. The solution of such problems, including, inter alia, increasing efficiency and safety of transport, requires introduction of fundamentally new technological solutions using the latest achievements of world science and technology.
The objective of the article is to propose a conceptual approach to inclusion of magnetic levitation in the set of technologies that contribute to strategic development of the transportation system in Russia.
In the context of an actively developing digital economy, the launch of a qualitatively new product on the domestic market, which is magnetic levitation transport systems (MLTS), will be a breakthrough solution in development of the country’s transport system, taking into account a number of key tasks it solves.

Currently operation of cars in large cities in winter is the most unfavorable from the point of view of the risk of blocking the exhaust system by condensate accumulated in it. Frequent starts during relatively short period of time, or the cycle of start-up – short run – and subsequent long-term parking at low temperatures are dangerous because the exhaust system does not have time to warm up and remove the accumulated condensate. Daily operation in such modes contributes to rapid accumulation of condensate, and subsequent long-term parking at ambient temperatures below 0˚C are equally dangerous because, depending on the design features of the exhaust system elements, condensation may occur and freeze in the exhaust system, icing can occur inside it or at its exit, causing inability to start the engine.
Given that most of the territory of Russia is located in the areas of moderate and cold climate, the relevance of studies, aimed at identifying the patterns of condensate formation and accumulation in the exhaust system, at adjusting on this basis the frequency of condensate removal from the exhaust system, as well as at optimizing the design parameters of the exhaust systems, is quite evident.
The objectives of this study were: to identify the features of changes in temperature of the elements of the exhaust system when the automobile engine warms up at low ambient temperature, the effect of various modes of the heater operation on the temperature of the elements of the exhaust system, as well as the features of the temperature change of individual elements of the exhaust system depending on time for various ambient temperatures.
To achieve those objectives a series of experiments has been conducted to study the process of starting the «cold» engine, and of its warming up in idle mode.
The found dependencies can be used to develop methodology to adjust the recommended periodicity of warming up of the exhaust system, as well as a model of a device that will ensure the absence of condensate in exhaust systems during the operation of cars in large cities during winter period.

Stabilization of permafrost soils of the roadbed base, constructed with assumption of thawing, thanks to improvement of their strength characteristics, requires development and selection of rational structural and technological solutions.
The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of use of vertical columns of crushed stone in the permafrost zone and their influence on strength characteristics of the soil base. The study has used general scientific methods, modeling, simulation and comparative analysis.
This article proposes a method for improving strength properties of soil of the roadbed base within Obskaya–Salekhard section of the Northern Latitudinal Railway thanks to reinforcement of the roadbed base made with vertical columns of crushed stone, which increases stability of the structure.
The proposed basic technological model of construction of the roadbed includes the following main stages: preparatory stage, 1 stage – arrangement of vertical columns of crushed stone and granular subbases, 2 stage – additional compaction with a vibratory roller in case of mismatch of stability of bearing capacity and precipitation of the base to operating standards.
The studied object of the transport infrastructure was simulated both without the use of technology for reinforcing it with vertical columns of crushed stone and with its use. The stability coefficient was calculated, and the theoretical surface of embankment collapse was obtained using Midas GTS NX and Plaxis 2D software packages. The stability test of this structure was carried out both in a flat and in a threedimensional setting.
The efficiency of using vertical columns of crushed stone to strengthen the embankments constructed on permafrost soils has been shown.

The growth in railway cargo carriage, followed by the search for its more efficient implementation results in the need to improve the regulatory framework for interaction of all participants in the transportation process on railways and the technology of organization of moving and processing of car flows on public tracks, reducing existing costs. This explains topicality of reducing shunting operations through flexible arrangement of wagons by destination stations.
The objective of the study is to develop the technology of «virtual sorting of empty cars». The work has used methods of system analysis and the specific tools of railway traffic management and control.
The technology is based on replacing physical rearrangement of empty cars when performing shunting work by introducing changes into the documents, that accompany the car, regarding the destination station and the recipient.
It allows to reduce the planning horizon of turnover of empty cars by clarifying their destination assignments within the delivery process and, as a consequence, to obtain a significant economic effect by reducing the costs of processing transit car flows, by reducing the risks of not providing empty cars for loading, by attracting additional loading volumes, by accelerating the turnover of cars and other effects. Ultimately, the implementation of the suggested technology can increase the competitiveness of railway transport.

The paper presents a new approach to selection of design standards in design of hump yards, which are among the most important elements of railway stations. The height of gravity hump is a key parameter to ensure succesful and safe operations of separating railway cars at stations. Estimations of the gravity hump’s height are influenced mostly by the path length and the value of the main specific resistance to movement of the estimated free axles.
Following currently changing structure of the processed car flow at stations, it is necessary to update the current methods. The objective of the study is to update the existing method of choosing of estimated free axle and estimated point while calculating the estimated height of marshalling gravity humps.
Following the results of the study that used statistical and mathematical analysis the weight of the estimated free axle is proposed to be determined by the average value of the total car flow processed at the hump yard, and that calculations of estimated path length and estimated point should take into account the useful length and slopes of the sorting tracks.
The application of the proposed changes in the methodology for determining the required height of gravity humps will help to increase the efficiency and safety of their operation. The methodology of the study, while its conclusions in the form of calculated values are intended for Russian railways, can be applied for conducting similar analysis at any railway

The railway marshalling station occupies a central place in the technological chain of freight transportation processes, since the speed of processing trains at marshalling yards determines the volume and cost of transportation. Therefore, development of automation and computerization of sorting processes results in growing efficiency of freight transportation in general.
The objective of the study is to formalize the problem of cars’ monitoring within the railway marshalling yard and to develop a method for solving it with the use of algorithms of recognizing and positioning of dynamic objects through the intelligent data analysis of streaming video.
The article presents a new approach to solution of the problem of monitoring moving units in the hump (sorting) yard of marshalling stations. The article suggests core criteria for identifying speed and positioning of the railway wagons when they are running after been separated at the hump. The article specifies that monitoring of moving units at hump yard is less automated in comparison with the monitoring at the hump itself, and that confirms the relevance of the research. To get the problem of the automation monitoring of moving units in the hump yard solved, the authors have suggested an algorithm that is based on the image data intelligent analysis, that is on computer vision, and have described the model of its implementation at a station.
The methods used are based on the theory of computer vision and are aimed at recognizing key dynamic objects in streaming video and at their subsequent positioning.
The study has resulted in substantiation of acceptability of the use of computer vision in the process of separation and formation of trains. It is planned to proceed with further improvement of the presented approach to develop a software product allowing to objectify information about hump yard in order to increase the efficiency of targeted braking at the hump.

Following the digitalization and informatization trends in transport sector the logistics segment of the activities of railway holding companies has entered a period of dynamic development, requiring considerable improvement of technology, processes and proceedings.
The objective of the research is to search for optimal decisions in the field of automation and informatization of the procedures of identification, labelling, and designing of railway logistics facilities. The research used tools of statistics, system and economic analysis, computer simulation.
The results present development of proposals for automation, identification, labeling and designing of railway logistics facilities to unify and simplify decision-making in technical, operational and economic fields. Their implementation will allow to solve a whole range of tasks for managing terminal-warehouse infrastructure facilities and will also help to expand the customer base of railway companies, e.g. of JSC Russian Railways, by increasing availability, simplicity and customer focus of information on logistics facilities.
The developed concept of an automated control system for the railway terminal network suggests that respective software products will provide an opportunity to calculate key evaluation, inventory, control and advertising parameters of logistics facilities. It can be used as a basis for developing flexible commercial offers. The introduction of the concept and accompanying information solutions will allow to create a single customer-oriented information environment and to achieve 4^th–5^th levels of providing of logistics services (4PL; 5PL).

Recent decades have seen a significant expansion of world oil trade, which contributes to development of appropriate transport infrastructure, improvement and deepening of business ties in world energy markets and acceleration of their globalization. Russia plays an increasingly important role in export of oil and oil products, thereby seriously affecting physical volumes of foreign trade operations, prices, and the level of supply and demand. At the same time, interest in Russian oil is obviously taking into account the use of the existing or planned transport infrastructure. Despite the featured significant fluctuations in prices, which are caused by various factors of economic, geopolitical, and political nature, it is obvious that the general tendencies towards increase in oil prices remain against the background of the expected increase in demand for liquid fuel. This conclusion can be made on the basis of the costs of extracting energy resources, organizing the logistics component, of growing relevant political risks, according to competitive realities. In this regard, selection of an optimal transport route is of particular importance.
The objective of the study is to test the algorithm developed by the authors for solving the multicriteria problem of choosing a rational route of fuel delivery within the framework of logistics chains from an oil refinery to a consumer. Testing is carried out at the example of development of hypothetical oil shipments from Russia to the State of Palestine. The use of the methods of economic analysis, multicriteria problem solving, expert assessments, representation of tasks in a multi-criteria setting using the developed deterministic method allows in each case to objectively find the best practical solution.The results of the analysis based on a sample of four options, have confirmed the possibility of using the proposed algorithm for solving the multicriteria problem to select the optimal route.
The developed theory allows to objectively select the best proposal among possible variants; to improve the quality of the result obtained not only by the digital values of the accepted criteria, but also by taking into account the significance of different criteria among themselves by their influence on the process under consideration; to refine the intermediate data by using linear and nonlinear interpolation; to consider possible financial, time and other risks; to pose and solve problems taking into account hypothetical ways of transporting liquid fuel and compare the results with existing schemes.

Competently built strategy for development of international transport corridors passing through the countries of Central Asia ensures economic development of not only the states located in this region, but also of other countries participating in transportation processes.
At the same time, the practices of development of international transport corridors reveal several problems which comprise inconsistency of regulatory acts of the parties involved, differences in technical standards, lack of uniformity of railway gauge, duration of customs clearance.
The objective of the work was to study transport corridors of Central, Western and South Asia and the existing infrastructural, organizational, and technological limitations for their development. The methods of economic, statistical, and engineering analysis were used.
The research has considered problems in development of international transport corridors and possible solutions there-of through organization of intermodal transportation by a single transport operator of Uzbekistan, as well as the current state of transport corridors linking Central, Western, South Asia and China with the EU countries, including development of China–EU railway corridors. In that context, the article suggests the analysis of several legal, organizational, technological factors , as well as of infrastructural restrictions using the example of the Kashgar (China)–Osh (Kyrgyzstan) railway section, prior to construction of which it is proposed to use intermodal transportation.
The proposals refer to creating the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) transport and logistics association and to developing the design of universal wagons with variable gauge wheel sets adapted for operation on railways of various gauges.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a bunker fuel for ships. This is due to a number of reasons of environmental (reduction of sulfur emissions by v essels in accordance with MARPOL 73/78 international convention), economic (lower price of LNG compared to distillate fuels meeting MARPOL 73/78 requirements), technical and economic (reduction of maintenance costs of vessels and an increase in service life) character. These conclusions regarding LNG are applicable to vessels of various types intended for sea and river navigation.
At the same time, the transition of river ships and coastal vessels to LNG bunkering is currently being restrained, including in Russia, by a number of reasons, one of which is weak logistics support for LNG delivery from production sites to vessel bunkering points. As a result, the development of LNG vessel bunkering market requires  improvement of logistics for delivery of lowtonnage LNG, which can be carried out using several modes of transport.
The objective of the study is to develop a practical algorithm for estimating the cost of LNG transportation for vessel bunkering, taking into account the characteristics of intermodal logistics. The research methodology is based on an analytical method based on a system-structural approach.
At the example of Russia, an algorithm has been developed for choosing the optimal transport and technological scheme (TTS) for delivering lowtonnage LNG and operational and economic models for calculating the unit cost of transportation, storage and transshipment of LNG.
Testing the models on the calculated routes allowed to estimate the cost of LNG transportation according to the options of transport and technological schemes for bulk and container delivery methods and draw conclusions. Moreover, the methodology used is to a large extent universal and allows using the proposed approaches for development of TTS in relation to other countries.

The city of Moscow has implemented a new management model for surface urban passenger transportation (NMM). To consistently monitor the quality of transportation services it is suggested to introduce a methodology of its assessment.
The methodology for assessing quality of public transport services is supposed to be tested on routes serviced by commercial enterprises under state contracts for provision of public transportation services by public transport on the routes of regular passenger and baggage transportation by road in urban traffic.
The objective of the research was to select objects in order to test the methodology for assessing quality of public transportation services provided by surface urban public mass transit (SUPMT) on routes serviced in the framework of NMM.
A scientifically substantiated partition of a given sample of routes has been performed. The routes have been classified using the classical method of hierarchical cluster analysis, where the Euclidean distance with a single rule of cluster joining was used as a measure of proximity. The clustering procedure was performed using the Ward method.
Based on the results of the cluster analysis, ten routes were selected that are subject to further analysis.

In modern large cities, taxi fleet is a significant component of the urban transport system. The degree of development and impact of taxi services on quality of transport services for residents and users traveling in the city depends on many factors. But one of the basic ones is the optimal ratio of the number of taxi cars and the demand for transportation by them.
The objective of the article was an analytical review of scientific research and practical work in the field of methods for solving the problems of organizing and operating taxi services, in particular, determining the existing population demand for taxi transportation and the required number of taxi cars. For analysis, the research used the method of content analysis of the works of authors of several countries, including Russian ones.
The conducted analysis of existing approaches to determining the demand of the population for taxi transportation and to calculating the required number of taxi cars showed that at present there is no single universally recognized method for this.
The methods used are based on various methods which comprise statistical, sociological (surveys, observations), mathematical methods. The analysis of big data obtained using information systems of megacities is increasingly being used.
It is concluded that there is an objective need for research in the field of developing a universal methodology for determining the required (limit) number of taxi cars in metropolitan areas.

One of the main tasks in improving management of the transportation process is the transition to enhanced quality of transport service focused on meeting users’ requirements while achieving the most economical results for all the components of the technological process stages. The quality of the services offered by railway transport is gradually becoming an increasingly significant indicator of economic efficiency for both carriers and cargo owners.
Customers are ready to buy more and more qualitative services to save time, expand their business, and meet new needs. This necessitates dev elopment of modern approaches to optimizing the use of existing railway infrastructure, including by establishing priorities in organizing traffic.
The objective of the research was to study the procedure for establishing dynamic priorities for organizing transit of cargo trains. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis method, special engineering calculation methods associated with organization of train traffic were used.
During the study comparative analysis of main characteristics of a number of world railways was carried out. Following clearly defined strategy of railways of the Russian Federation aimed at customer focus, this article provides preliminary research results, the findings of which revealed the expediency of establishing dynamic priorities for cargo trains transit. It is especially important to implement these approaches in the context of an operational change in the train situation in the event of emergency events on the infrastructure and for a possible reduction in the financial losses of consignors and consignees.
The same approaches can rightfully be used on the railway of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

To develop the northern territories and ensure a normal life for people working there, significant quantities of construction materials, fuel, machinery, equipment, food and other goods are needed, a significant part of which must be transported to these territories.
The peculiarity of the processes of transportation of goods to the Northern regions by road is that most of the transportation process is carried out using temporary roads which are called winter (or snow) roads [1, 2].Unlike permanent paved roads with corresponding infrastructure maintenance elements, winter roads have a traffic track representing a snow-cleared lane without specially prepared layers of pavement. The track has temporary landmarks [3, 4]. However, in bad weather, sudden changes in temperature, the route can be «lost», which negatively affects reliability and safety of the transportation process.
Geoinformatics tools allow to create a virtual spatial model of a temporary road, which can be shown on an electronic map [5–7]. Satellite navigation tools form actual navigation data, which are « linked» to the route by means of geoinformatics. The current location of a vehicle on a winter road track can be displayed using an electronic terrain map on a display screen of an on-board telematic unit [8–10].
The objective of the article is to consider the main tasks that are solved by the supervisory control system when monitoring movement of vehicles on temporary winter roads.
Using mathematical methods and special methods of analysis and planning of road transportation, a methodological basis has been developed to increase the level of automation of basic functions of the dispatch control of road transportation of goods in mixed multimodal traffic based on the use of information generated by GLONASS global navigation system. It is shown that the use of geoinformatics, mobile communications and satellite navigation will significantly improve reliability and safety of the processes of cargo transportation in the North of Russia. According to experts, the use of the proposed methodology allows reducing time for cargo handling by an average of 30 % and decision-making time by 50 %, as well as increasing the efficiency of using vehicles by reducing by 95 % the number of deviations from the planned schedule.

The article reviews a preventive maintenance system for repairs, the main disadvantage of which is that it is essentially an open system of technical control that does not take into account objective assessment of rolling stock «as it is». The objective of the study was to review and summarize the existing researches and to word the proposals to develop the system of rolling stock maintenance. Based on the analysis of the researches in that field it is proposed to reduce material and labor costs for maintenance of cars by making the system of technical diagnostics closed. As a feedback, it is advisable to use an automatic test diagnostic control system that detects car defects while the train is running. It will significantly reduce the number of manual operations for inspecting rolling stock in the arrival parks of sorting stations and automate decision-making on possibility of subsequent operation of controlled rolling stock based on its actual condition.
A technique is proposed for evaluating the results of technical diagnostics of rolling stock in which probabilistic estimates are used, dividing the most significant defects of the controlled object into three classes according to the degree of their significance for operation safety. It has been established that Weibull distribution corresponds to fatigue defective phenomena, while Rayleigh distribution corresponds to wear phenomena with constant or periodic workload.
To identify defective car wheels and axle boxes, a dynamic system is proposed, which includes: the controlled object which is a wheel or axle box, automatic test diagnostic equipment and a resolver for deciding on further operation of the identified defective car. The optimal equation of the separating function of «false alarm» and «acceptance» is obtained on the basis of the Bayes criterion, which minimizes the average risk of making a wrong decision.

The railway industry is one of the key areas of transport activity for many countries, in particular for the Russian Federation. The innovative development of this industry and of its corporate actors is an important aspect of development of economy and infrastructure of the respective countries.
An innovative ecosystem creates an enabling environment necessary for such development.
The objective of this article is to analyze the components of the innovation ecosystem: the ways of organizing innovative activities, suggesting their classification into internal and external types of organizations. The study is based on a comparative analysis of the practices of the most competitive world railway companies.
The results show that railway companies using tools of both external and internal types are characterized by a high level of competitiveness and technological development. If the external type of organization of innovative activity has a positive effect on reducing costs, and also promotes active interaction with core external companies, then a one-sided orientation to it leads to an increase in dependence on third-party organizations.
Carrying out research and development within the framework of own innovative laboratories and R&D centers allows railway companies to significantly reduce this dependence, but leads to a high level of costs, increases the risk of obtaining results that do not correspond to the best world standards. The optimal and effective way to organize the innovation activity of a railway company is to implement a mixed type organization, which includes elements of independent research and development and active interaction with external organizations, companies and experts. This choice is confirmed by the activities of most of the analyzed companies. At the same time, it is important to choose the directions of technological development, within which it is possible and expedient to conduct independent research and development at the present time, as well as those requiring further development of competencies for independent research activities as well as for participating in innovative consortia.

Flight safety assurance problems solving focuses on aviation systems of different size as the objects of the study. Flight safety theory addresses such subjects of the study as operation of a specific aviation system «crew– aircraft» (C–A), detection and evaluation of hazards, as well as their localization or elimination.
Protective features of «crew–aircraft» aviation system should provide resistance to occurrence of abnormal cases. Aviation practices show that the protective features of the system are not always able to prevent development of danger, and a catastrophe becomes the most likely outcome of a flight.
When encountering such abnormal cases, the crew must use rescue equipment in order to reduce severity of the aviation accident and to prevent their own death. The article presents the results of network modelling of the pilot’s activity algorithm and of determining the probability of timely forced escape from of a helicopter with a rescue parachute.
The objective of the study is to assess effectiveness of protective features of C–A system in helicopters with the aim to reduce severity of aircraft accidents. To test the hypothesis about the possibility of using rescue equipment by helicopter crews, probabilistic statistical as well as experimental and calculation research methods were used.

Driving in a traffic flow implies involvement in difficult traffic situations that adversely affects response time of a driver, which in turn is considered when estimating stopping distance of a vehicle and determines road safety. This relationship shows the effect of driver behaviour in traffic flow on the road traffic situation.
The objective of the study was to study behavioural factors that influence driver’s decisions. The study used methods of driver behaviour modelling, mathematical modelling, experimental studies of the mental and psychological functions of drivers.
Modelling the driver’s behaviour, considering various combinations of many behavioural and other factors, leads to a large number of options for mathematical description of driver behaviour, which makes it difficult to use this approach to describe behaviour of drivers under the conditions of a real street-road network.
The research has analysed several works devoted to the study of control action of drivers, using unknown coefficients, describing a model of movement of vehicles considering accuracy of their control. Driving through an unregulated intersection is considered as the most complex and informative version of driver’s behaviour. It is found that when modelling a traffic flow, it is necessary to take into account the degree of resoluteness of drivers (through determination of a coefficient of resoluteness which is a random variable that takes into account the probability distribution of the coefficient’s value in conjunction with the probability distribution of the function of traffic flow intensity). The distribution of the coefficient of resoluteness of drivers, obtained from experimental data, was subject to analysis.
It is determined that the driving style affects formation of traffic congestion. The assessment of the driving style is made through conditional classification of driver behaviour on the road, namely marked by manifestation of aggression and timidity. When studying the behaviour of timid and aggressive drivers, several pairs of trajectories and the dynamics of the corresponding traffic flow density, were considered and calculated based on Edie’s model. It has been confirmed that traffic congestion has the greatest negative effect on choleric drivers and sanguine drivers. Besides, there is a relationship between the response time of a driver and the change in his functional condition.
It is concluded that to improve road safety thanks to a more accurate assessment of possible risks of formation of congestion situations, it is necessary to consider behavioural characteristics and temperaments of the drivers.

185 years ago, in 1834 the first really working and sufficiently powerful electric motor was assembled by the young scientist, Moritz Herman von Jacobi in Königsberg (now Russian city of Kaliningrad).
The article is dedicated to the life and scientific achievements of the scientist who became known under the name of Boris Jacobi after he moved to Russia and took the Russian first name.
His merits, in particular, include development of a method of electroplating, that laid foundation for the entire field of applied electrochemistry. It’s worth noting that the scientist revealed the results of the study in publicly available, or, in modern terms, open access publication.
Jacobi worked in different fields. He invented a series of devices to measure electric resistance , called by him voltagometer (rheochord, or slide-wire). His research activities were also successful in the field of telegraphy, he invented synchronously acting telegraph device with direct (without further decoding) indication of the letters and numbers at the receiver and first ev er letter-printing telegraph device, he administered the project of construction of first cable lines in St. Petersburg and between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe selo (Emperors’ residence). Jacobi developed galvanic batteries, anti-ship mines of new type, initiated creation of galvanic teams within pioneer units of the Russian army. Boris Jacobi initiated and managed unitage, establishment of metric system, and of weight and measure standards in Russia.
Thanks to numerous scientific achievements Jacobi received well-deserved recognition of his contemporaries.

Railway staffing 110 years ago: young professionals, internship, interaction with higher schools… Many solutions could be implemented now, and this compilation might be published within the chapter on education, training and staff.

Selected abstracts of Ph.D. theses submitted at Russian transport universities and research institutions