The article is devoted to consideration of the problem of long-term development of transport under the conditions of uncertainty, which is a fundamental feature of the conditions of human activity. The objectives are to reveal the specifics of the «path dependence» in the field of transport, to show the fundamental nature of the problem of uncertainty of human activity and its special significance for development of transport, to propose a methodological basis for mitigating the problem of uncertainty in the long-term development of transport.
While achieving the objectives, it is shown using historical analysis that the development of transport systems forms a specific kind of «path dependence», having a significant long-term impact on the future of not only transport itself, but also on other sectors of the economy, as well as on the development of demographic and other social processes.
The location of the population, the development of production capacities, the choice of places of recreation are adapted to the existing transportation network. The decisions regarding location of transport infrastructure, the configuration of transport networks, the use of various technical solutions significantly influence the future of the transport itself.
In this regard, it is desirable to reduce the uncertainty of the future of the transport. Uncertainty does not mean absolute unawareness. Although the future cannot be predicted accurately, it can be predicted with a certain probability. It is necessary, while fully understanding the impossibility of achieving complete certainty in predicting the future, to assess, at least at a qualitative level, the probability of these forecasts, strive to increase it and to develop transport systems considering the greater or lesser likelihood of certain forecasts.
Hence, it is recommended to use both the logical-analytical method as the basis for forecasting longterm development to identify and consider long-term trends in the development of transport, and the foresight and predictive analytics to reveal newly emerging trends. An important condition of success is the ability to develop and implement various alternative solutions in response to emerging challenges, requiring development of a competitive and innovative environment both in the field of transport and in related areas of economic activity. 

Digitalization opens new opportunities and ways of doing business in all sectors of the economy. This process does not bypass the railway industry. The criticality of digitalization of the industry is explained by the widespread use of railway transport, and the increasing demand on quality and speed of providing transportation services. The article is devoted to the analysis of the priorities of digital transformation of the railway industry and highlights key trends of digital transformation, as well as priority areas of scientific and technological developments. The objective is to describe a three-level study of prospects for scientific and technological development of the railway industry in the context of digitalization of the economy based on application of the methods of system analysis to international expertise and practices. The first level of the study was devoted to identification of the main directions of development of digital technologies which can be applied to railway transport; the second level was the analysis of strategic railway documents developed in some regions followed by identification of key trends in digital development; the third one made it possible to identify the most effective information technologies to be implemented for railways, particularly in the Russian Federation.

The article presents the methods of study of geometric parameters of a working tool of a rail-milling train after revealing after the process of controlled operation of milling the polygon-shaped transverse profile of R65 rails not meeting the requirements of the standard. Those methods were tested in the case of rail-milling train of RFP-01 model. To eliminate the causes of formation of a poor-quality transverse profile, the specialists of JSC VNIKTI conducted a series of studies to establish the actual profile and incline of a working tool of milling wheels which are plateholders with carbide plates. A plate-holder from each milling wheel was randomly selected. The geometric parameters of plateholders were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. As a result of measurements, clouds of points of working surfaces of plate-holders were obtained. To compress and recognize images, a singular n×3 matrix decomposition was used, where n is the number of rows equal to the number of points in the cloud, the columns are the coordinates X, Y, Z. The next step was to split the point cloud into triangles using the Delaunay triangulation algorithm.
Using the above methods, plate-holders’ cutting lines were obtained that form the actually shaped rail profile. The cutting lines were aligned relative to the vertical axis with the R65 rail profile as per the condition of achieving the minimum root-mean-square deviation. As a result, the reasons for poorquality shape of R65 rail profile after milling were established, and recommendations were formulated for their elimination.

The article reveals the problems of traffic safety violations resulting from the overturning of empty containers on winddependent sections of railways.
The paper refers to examples of several traffic accidents caused by detachment of containers of various types from specialized flat wagons under the influence of a squally wind of various speed. The increase in the number of such traffic accidents urges development of a procedure for safe transit of freight trains, transporting empty containers, if a dangerous weather event may be forecasted along their route.
The objective of this study is to develop an engineering method for determining the conditions leading to overturning of empty containers from specialized railway wagons under the wind load.
Based on the methods of theoretical mechanics, using the moment of force equation as applied to the container relative to the axis of its rotation, the authors found the conditions that cause container overturning under the influence of wind load.
An expression was obtained that allows one to determine the minimum wind speed, which leads to the overturning of an empty container. The article presents the calculation of wind speed leading to the overturning of empty containers of various types for straight and curved sections of the railway track, considering the maximum superelevation (cant) of the outer rail. 
The obtained results are confirmed by the mathematical modelling of stability of fastening of empty containers by LLC Hexa requested by PJSC Transcontainer.
Based on the cartographic information, the main winddependent regions of the Russian Federation were identified where transport accidents caused by overturning of empty containers might occur.
The results of the study can contribute to development of universal technical solutions for different world regions to ensure stability of an empty container when exposed to wind loads.

Improving quality of transport and logistics services in modern conditions is associated with introduction of new technology and improvement of existing technologies of informatization and digitalization of transport. A particular task of introducing digital technologies into the technological processes of railway transport is to increase safety of train traffic.
The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign authors on issues of improving safety of train traffic revealed that at present there is a task of introduction of digital devices for analyzing infrastructure objects along the route of a locomotive. This is of importance when increasing speed of trains or when the trips are long, and it is difficult for a person (a driver) to correctly assess the situation and make a right decision.
The objective of this work is to develop a method for automatic monitoring of railway infrastructure facilities, by equipping the locomotive with machine vision technology, namely, to ensure the ability to visually control the indications of railway colour-light signals along the route. The locomotive is equipped with a video module for fixing the streaming image along its movement, and with the microprocessor equipment for analyzing the resulting image. As an algorithm for recognizing railway signals in a fixed image, a mathematical apparatus based on models of convolutional neural networks is used.
The work performed showed good results in identifying colour-light signals in the analyzed images. Equipping traction rolling stock with technical vision will allow timely identification of track signals, this is especially important on railway tracks where there is no coding in the track circuit, which helps to increase the level of train safety. The development of the presented technology contributes to digitalization of railway transport, which makes it competitive in the world market.

The wheelset is one of the most vulnerable parts of a carriage in terms of failures. As a rule, the failure is revealed at the stage of operation and depends not only on the type of material, of which wheel and rails are made, but also on the technology of their manufacture and operation. The main malfunctions of wheelsets, the nature and causes of their appearance are considered from the point of view of train operations.
The objective of the study is a brief analysis of wheelsets’ failures, measures to fight them, as well as development of approaches to introduction of new design decisions.
As a debatable problem, the authors suggest a thesis that the existing methods for repairing wheels flanges by surfacing are less promising compared to the technical solution proposed by them. The study proposes to increase reliability of wheelsets at the design stage by making minor changes to the wheel design without changing its geometric characteristics and parameters. Taking into account the cause and the places exposed to the greatest defects (wheel flanges and rims), it is proposed that a rim (hoop) made of a material whose hardness is commensurate with hardness of the rail is pressed onto the wheel of the existing structure in places of the most likely occurrence of the defect. The inner surface of the hoop should completely repeat the outer contour of the wheel in contact with the rim, which provides the necessary bond strength. The proposed technical solution will reduce the stressstrain state of the wheel flange, which is the main cause of failure.
To assess the suggestion by calculating total stresses arising on the contact surface of the wheel, it is proposed to use the classical theory of strength.
The same method is proposed to solve other problems referring to calculation of solutions aimed to increase the life of wheelsets.
So, the main idea of the research is to develop goals and objectives and main directions related to
making fundamentally new decisions to increase the life cycle of wheelsets during their operation, as
well as to develop relevant theoretical principles and a scientific and methodological apparatus.

The article contains the analysis of statistics of locomotives’ operation and define main opportunities to increase its efficiency. The main objective of the study is to reveal factors influencing the increase in reliability of locomotives.
Data of the sample of 40 locomotives of main series operated in Russia for the period of 400–500 days are used, which ensures accuracy of results obtained. The method of the study is mainly statistical processing of data. Besides commonly statistically analyzed positions like «in operation» and «faulty» new positions «at the head of the train» (effective work) and some other are considered. The coefficient of useful (effective) work is introduced. As a result, it is proved that feasible level of value-added use of locomotive up to 75 % of total time versus 49 % nowadays is possible. It is shown that reduction of time and cost of technical maintenance and repair of locomotives (TMR) is an important opportunity to increase efficiency of locomotives’ operation. Besides, it has been proved that one of the reasons of over-downtime of locomotives under repair is a significant volume of violations of operating modes, which is also confirmed by statistical data used in previous publications.

The article focuses on theoretical and practical issues of relationship between demand for rail cargo transportation and development of transit and traffic capacity of the railway network.
The current situation of public railway transport in the transport system of Russia is described. The dynamics of the main volume indicators of the transport complex over several years is analyzed, the key cargo groups, which account for more than 75 % of the traffic volume, are identified in the structure of traffic volumes. An algorithm is proposed for economic evaluation of railway infrastructure development projects in conjunction with the dynamics of development of commodity markets. The relationship and nature of mutual influence of the elements of the algorithm for economic evaluation of railway network development projects are identified. Examples of currently implemented integrated investment projects of JSC Russian Railways aimed at attracting perspective cargo volumes are commented. The objective of the article is to develop methodological tools for economic evaluation of projects for developing the transit and traffic capacity of a railway network in the face of changing directions and volumes of cargo flows, considering the dynamics of development of external and internal commodity markets. In accordance with the objective, the main tasks comprise comparative assessment of the indicators used in domestic practice, used to determine the impact of market conditions as compared with indicators used by leading foreign companies for these purposes; assessment of the value of integrated investment projects for development of transit and traffic capacity (at the example of Russian railway network) under the conditions of dynamically developing external and internal commodity markets; development of an algorithm for evaluating railway infrastructure development projects to ensure a higher level of quality of transport services with the aim of assessing mutual influence of individual project parameters and their balance, depending on the dynamics of external and domestic product markets, as well as on the need to attract investment resources.
Empirical and theoretical methods, such as collecting and analyzing information, deduction, modelling, comparison, technical and economic calculations, an economic and statistical method, were used to implement the goals and objectives set in the article.
It is concluded that it is necessary to consider dynamically changing conditions of commodity markets when assessing the prospects for development of the railway network.

The objective of the study is to analyze the whole range of issues related to attracting corporate financing in the debt capital market, including a description of structural features of financing leasing companies, such as the currency of financing, the use of financial instruments with a fixed interest rate, the need for matching assets and liabilities of the company, in terms of urgency.
The article discusses the debt strategies of Russian leasing companies specializing in vehicles leasing. The organization of attracting funding by transport leasing companies is important for development of the entire transport industry in Russia. Bilateral bank loans, instruments of international development banks, syndicated loans and ruble bond issues are analyzed together with structural elements, investment and transactional features. Each financial instrument is followed by an example of implementation of a transaction. A comparison of the main financial instruments is followed by identification of the main advantages and disadvantages of their use for corporate financing.
The methods used in the article are based on a structural approach to financing, which in turn is based on the correspondence of the financial instruments used and the goals for using cash (including replenishment of working capital, refinancing, capital costs).
The main conclusion of the article is that for leasing companies the optimal financial solution is to create a capital structure by combining loans and bonds.

To increase the level of customer focus, it is necessary to improve the quality of transport services in the transport market using modern technology and engineering tools. The objective of the research was to describe and to analyse a model of interaction between transport service enterprises, based on satisfaction of mutually beneficial needs and responsibility of stakeholders in the transport market. To achieve this goal, the authors used general scientific and economic research methods.
The study focused on the quality system of transport services within the internal environment and on the concept of customer focus for railway transport. A model of interaction of business units within the internal transport service environment was developed, It was used to identify the interests and responsibilities of the parties (both consumers and providers) using the example of a locomotive complex of JSC Russian Railways.
The considered interaction model will increase the efficiency of the use of the locomotive fleet without increasing the model range. It was also revealed that one of the factors affecting the level of quality of transport services is a set of diagnostic tools providing high quality of the transportation process, reducing
unproductive losses, increasing the efficiency of operations of all units involved. The evolution of diagnostics tools is presented in a table.

An urgent problem in supply chain management is ensuring their sustainability. The solution to this problem is complicated by vague delimitation of several terms that are adequate to the concept of «sustainability», such as «reliability», «security», «survivability», «resilience», as well as by lack of a systematic approach to determining sustainability of resource supply systems that is composed, according to the author, of sustainability of the basic components of logistics management. The objectives of the study are to clarify the nature of sustainability, to develop a classification and substantiation of the sequence for determining sustainability of resource supply systems, which will increase their competitiveness.
The methodological base of the study includes theoretical provisions of management, logistics, supply chain management, value stream management and logistics management. 
The chosen research methods comprise logical-structural methods: terminological analysis, groupings, typology and classification, involving selection and use of a body of classifying features and components, which, to a necessary and sufficient degree, reflect the essence of the term «sustainability» and its accompanying terms. 
The study has resulted in author’s definitions of the concepts of «sustainability», «resilience», «flexibility», «survivability», «static character», «dynamism», «reliability», «maneuverability» and «security» of resource supply systems and in recommendations for determining sustainability of systems of this type, consisting of stability of the basic components of logistics management. 
The results of the study allow us to create theoretical and methodological prerequisites for determining reliability of technological, trade and logistics links and, using them as a basis, of the channels, chains, fronts and echelons of the resource supply system, as well as to develop recommendations for changing the content of SCOR and DCOR models that form the basis of supply chain management.

The objective of the study is to search for effective design solutions while expanding the passenger transportation network through high-speed rail development. Engineering structures, which occupy a significant part in the infrastructure of high-speed lines, require a revision of approaches to economic and feasibility evaluation of design solutions. The economic problems associated with the design process of HSR are considered, as due to different conditions and standards in divers countries, it became necessary to adapt design solutions through economic feasibility studies. The topicality of the problems of optimization of structures is due to the significant amount of work that can be initiated with the expected start of development of separate high-speed rail lines in Russia. The research significance consists in updating traditional approaches of the feasibility study in relation to the new tasks of railway construction.
The study was based on publications of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of railway infrastructure. For cost analysis, a standard costing methodology was used based on the estimated regulatory base. The cost comparison of options is presented in the sample cost structure, which methodically contributes to allocation of compared costs. The main practical result of the work is deemed to be associated with formalization of the cost function of modern engineering structures for HSR. Choosing the embankment or overpass, the task which is traditional for railways, was solved on the basis of the analysis of the applied design solutions. For the roadbed, modern reinforcement methods necessary for track stability have been considered. When analyzing the estimated costs for construction of spans, significant disparities were revealed between promising technologies and resource-technological models traditionally used for standard quotations. This casts doubt on the possibility of using traditional approaches of application of engineering structures in HSR projects.
To justify the design and technological solutions for highspeed transport, a whole range of work is needed to jointly develop both technological schemes and cost standards. As far as Russian example is concerned, the current budget and regulatory framework does not allow for reliable economic feasibility justification of the scope of application of engineering structures.

The development of a transport system that meets both the requirements of residents to ensure mobility while maintaining the ecology of the city, and the requirements of a business that needs an efficient logistics system is a topical task for most megalopolises. Moscow, being no exception, is making significant efforts to develop the city’s transport system, using both traditional methods of increasing the capacity of roads and developing the city’s infrastructure to use bicycle transport, which can reduce the load on the city’s public transport and positively affect the city’s economy and ecology. Recently, electric vehicles of individual use began to appear on the streets of the city: electric bicycles, electric scooters, etc.
The objective of the research is to consider problems and assess the prospects for using individual electric vehicles in megalopolises, at the example of Moscow, for both recreational and utilitarian purposes. The study used as research methods the analysis of the experience of development of these vehicles abroad, including in the urban transport system, and the analysis of the regulatory aspects of the use of electric bikes to determine the main areas that need to be taken into account when using electric bikes in the urban environment.
The authors also evaluate the possibilities of their use, considering categories of goods and the features of routing. The conclusion is drawn on the large existing potential of the use of electric bicycles as of an instrument of urban logistics, and on the advantages of electric bicycles as of an alternative urban transport
mode.

The article outlines the currently relevant directions for increasing the efficiency of passenger transportation by urban transport, achievable through using modern digital technologies for monitoring and controlling congestion of the road network, traffic management, and assessing reliability of the
transportation process.
The objective of the study was to develop theoretical base and practical recommendations for increasing speed of traffic on regular urban bus routes during periods of high load of the urban road network using alternate roads. 
Theoretical studies were based on the analysis of scientific and regulatory sources, and on the system analysis of transportation processes. Experimental studies were carried out in laboratory and road conditions using mathematical modelling, methods of mathematical statistics, technical, economic and system analysis of transportation processes, analysis of passenger flows, field observations.
The dependences of the flow rate of vehicles on traffic intensity, technical speed of buses on alternate roads on the flow rate of fixed-route vehicles are obtained. The economic effect resulting from implementation of recommendations was calculated for the conditions of the city of Magnitogorsk, since redirecting the buses to alternate roads during peak load periods for road network allows to increase their route speed by 7 km/h and hence to reduce the need in bus fleet by 2 units, obtaining the target economic effect.

Car sharing plays an important role in the transition to unmanned vehicles. This article discusses the positive and negative aspects of the existing car sharing system in Russia, as well as forecast trends using the examples of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Since car sharing in St. Petersburg is not yet sufficiently developed, and the forecasts of operators on the market capacity diverge, it is of interest to determine the conditions facilitating successful development of the service, and to evaluate the city’s need for the number of cars used by car sharing services.
The objective of the research described in the article is to study the trends in development of car sharing services, to determine the estimates of the required number of cars for car sharing services, and intensity of their rental in a particular city district. To solve the problem, the gravity modelling method is used based on the PTV Visum 18 software. Whilst special tools of the developed line of PTV MaaS programs (Controller, Operator, Simulator, Modeller) are not applied, it allows to build transport models of the macro level and perform transport modelling taking into account new forms of mobility (car sharing, bike sharing, etc.) while planning and management of urban transport systems.
The solution to the problem in volved development of two models of transport demand for the selected district of the city: considering and without considering car sharing effect. In the process of modelling, we studied the structure of transport time expenditures following changes in the number of vehicles in the fleet and intensity of its rental regarding several operator tariffs. The critical number of cars used by car sharing services for the city district was determined under the conditions of the greatest competition of these cars with individual vehicles. It is shown that under current conditions, the effect of reducing timerelated transport costs in the district is about 14 % when using one-year simulation horizon. The simulation results are consistent with the real data on trips and can be extrapolated to other city districts.

Currently, barrier wagon groups are used on the sorting tracks of railway stations as means to prevent rolling stock from moving beyond their useful length to the opposite side from the hump yard. The reasons to use barrier wagon groups are explained by some factors that are present at most Russian railway marshalling stations and comprise elements of longitudinal profile with accelerating grade on the tracks of hump yards, significant length of sets of uncoupled wagons, unfavorable weather and climatic conditions.
Following use of the empirical method for determining the size of barrier wagon groups and cases of traffic safety violation it was necessary to develop a scientifically sound method for determining the need for formation of barrier wagon groups.
The objective of the study is to identify patterns and factors affecting the decision-making on formation of a barrier wagon group on a particular classification track (classification-departure track), as well as on the size and securing of the barrier wagon groups. The research used methods of statistical analysis and mathematical modelling.
The results of the research were reflected in regulatory instruments of the JSC Russian Railways, particularly in the Procedure to determine the size of barrier wagon groups to be placed on the free tracks of classification yards before train disassembling and to calculate the norms for securing barrier wagon groups [1].
The article provides an analysis of the current technology for formation of barrier wagon groups on the tracks of classification and classification & departure yards, as well as the definition of the term of barrier wagon group. A phased model is proposed for determining the need for formation of barrier wagon groups on free classification tracks before train disassembling, as well as of calculation of the size and norms for securing barrier wagon groups. Calculation criteria are established considering the holding capacity of a barrier wagon group and the mass of rolling wagons. Examples of calculations for specific
marshalling stations are given (using examples of JSC Russian Railway).
The main factors influencing the size and norms for securing barrier wagon groups were determined. The dependences of the maximum allowable speed of leaving yard brake position on the average axial load of the wagons in the absence of wind and with a fair wind, as well as of the norms for securing barrier wagon group on the maximum mass of the classified set of wagons and grade rate.
A scientifically based calculation of the required size of the barrier wagon group and the norms of its securing with stop-blocks (brake shoes) will allow to increase traffic safety by preventing the exit of rolling stock outside the track useful length.

The article is devoted to development of a decision-making algorithm for transportation of goods by road based on the method of online remote assessment of the state of the cargo and the transportation process without human intervention. 
The development of the algorithm is based on the use of transport telematics and experimental study, the objective of which was to reveal capacity of navigation devices to fix accelerations that occur during vehicle movement.
The developed methodology allows to automatically make decisions aimed at saving resources. The article describes the steps of operational remote assessment of the state of the cargo, as well as the decision-making algorithm based on the information received.
A scheme of information interaction of the cargo transportation process participants is described, in which an analytical center is designated, the task of which is to calculate the force acting on the cargo and compare the calculated force with the strength characteristics of the material from which the cargo is made.
The situational task of delivering goods to several points is described. To visualize the situational task, a cargo delivery route was constructed to compare planned indicators with actual ones, adjusted using the analytical center.
This article describes the prospects for the use of tools of transport telematics, consisting in increasing the effectiveness of cargo safety control during transportation.

The increase in vehicle-to-population ratio, in the number of personal cars and of individual travels defines extra requirements to the public transport service quality and safety within the public municipal passenger transport system. 
However, while specifying such requirements, the relevant regulations do not always consider the factors important for passenger service quality and driver work such as comfort and more general health and environmental standards.
The purpose of the research is to identify additional factors that affect the city bus passenger service quality, to dev elop experimental test procedure and to conduct instrumental analysis of the transport service quality in accordance with the social standard as well as of additional parameters that influence it.
The article presents the results of the following parameter measurements and sampling taken in the Moscow city buses: pollutants (hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, carbon (II) oxide and nitrogen dioxide) and artificial lighting (total illumination, lux, percent flicker, %), noise level, vibration, micro-climate.
Based on measurements of harmful substances in the air of the bus passenger compartment, parameters of the micro-climate, artificial lighting, acoustic noise levels and general vibration, it was stated that they are within the limits of the permissible norms including those set by the European Union and WHO. Hence, the public transport service quality with reference to the proposed group of additional factors complies with standard requirements. It is proposed to extend the researches to other seasons as well as to other
types of vehicles.

In the context of transition to an intensive and innovative type of economic development, stable functioning of the transport system is a guarantee of economic growth and maintaining the country’s economic security.
The objective of the work is to develop recommendations on ensuring economic security of the transport system based on digitalization. The main research method is an updated indicator method.
The author has analyzed the dynamics of indicators of economic security conditions for the period 2000–2019 and concluded that it is currently not exposed to threat. Nevertheless, some indicators tend to decrease, which indicates a possible threat to economic security in the future.
The development of the transport system, which leads to an increase in quality of the services provided and a decrease in transportation costs, provides the transport component of national economic security. Constraints that reduce the efficiency of transport act as sectorial threats to economic security.
It is proved that for development of the transport system and prevention of threats to economic security, it is necessary to use the opportunities provided by the digitalization. Digitalization should be carried out by creating a single digital space in which subjects and objects of the transport system will interact. It is determined that the public transport regulatory authority has created serious prerequisites for digitalization. Thanks to digitalization, it is possible to reduce costs, increase labor productivity, reliability, and security, obtain grown quality and accessibility of transport services, expand their range, increase openness and transparency of the transport services market. The transition to a qualitatively
new level of development of the transport system will contribute to the growth of indicators of the
economic security conditions.
This digital space should be based on the digital platform of the transport system, which will ensure its regulation and coordination.

The final part of the article the first part of which was published in our previous issue (Vol. 17, Iss. 5). It provides information about the state of Magnitogorsk electric transport during its formation. The article is structured into sections relating to expansion of the route tram network, state and development of car fleet. The considered time period captures the years of the Great Patriotic War and is limited to the beginning of the «thaw» in the domestic political life of the Soviet state. Through systematization of documentary evidence, the fundamental role of tram traffic in formation of the transport system of Magnitogorsk for the studied time period is determined. This should contribute to development of information support for research on the historical patterns of formation of urban transport systems based in the period of industrialization.
The second part of the article mainly describes the models of trams operated in Magnitogorsk in post-war period since 1945, their fetaures, advantages and disadvantages. This is of the particular interest since the same trams were operated in many other Russian cities as well.

Engineering ideas 110 years ago focused on new solutions in the field of transport civil engineering, discussing design of railway tunnels under rivers, lakes, and sea straits. Not all of them have been built till now, e.g. the tunnel under Bering strait. Mechanical engineers thought about new type of wagons to carry perishable goods, and electrical engineers developed projects to use tidal energy as a source of power supply.