An increase in importance of quality and quantity of services provided, the rapidly growing amount of data required to manage an enterprise and strengthen its competitive position in the market, require rethinking of management models. The article is devoted to development of digital metro in the context of global automation and digitalization of business models of organizations in order to improve quality of services and optimize business processes.

The objective of the research is to study the world and Russian experience in the use of digital and crowd platforms in transport and to develop an own model of metro management in modern conditions. To achieve the objective of the research, comparative and content analysis methods, benchmarking of successful foreign practices of using crowd and digital platforms in the transport industry, the method of generalization and conceptual and methodological modeling have been used.

The authors have analyzed global trends in development and use of digital technologies in the transport industry, conducted a comparative analysis of world and Russian practices of using platform and crowd solutions in transport, and revealed the advantages of integrating digital technologies for development of metro in Russia. Based on the results of the research, the authors proposed an «e-Platform», accumulating, analyzing and sorting data from the external environment for its subsequent transmission to the business metro control blocks and optimizing the process of generating and making operational decisions, and also developed a target model for moving from «analogue» data management in metro to a digital one based on integration of digital technologies on a virtual platform for managing business processes and a crowdbased platform for collecting ideas and proposals to develop metro. 

The modern stage of economic development is intricately linked with accelerated pace of advancement in technology and hence introduces into basic corporate agenda the need to regularly benchmark best competitive practices. Considering highly competitive environment usual tools and metrics do not allow to reveal promising directions of innovative development, whose implementation will help in building new competitive advantages with similar companies.
To reveal early signs, revealing emerging directions of innovative development, promising technology and decisions, global practices implement tools and instruments of patent and bibliometric search, allowing to assess current corporate practices in the field of both fundamental and applied research.
The article presents the results of a research on activity of leading world railway companies in the field of technological and scientific research, and of priority directions of innovative development, obtained using tools of patent and bibliometric analysis. The research also described the dynamics and the structure of publications and patent applications in the railway sector, the differences in the structure of cooperative links of leading railway companies regarding publication and research activity.
The article also studied structuring of patent and publication activity of some companies, showing priority directions of technological and scientific efforts.

Today, increasing volumes of household solid waste (HSW) pose a serious problem throughout the world. The solution to this problem is involvement of secondary raw materials and waste in production. The disposal of HSW includes laborious stages of its collection and transportation. Aggregates of the garbage truck work inefficiently, only pressing HSW into a shapeless mass, not subject to sorting and processing. The suggested re-equipment of a special vehicle with aggregates with the combined functions of «loading–forwarding–grinding–pressing– briquetting» will significantly reduce the energy consumption of the transportation process by providing simultaneous processing and briquetting of garbage at the time of its transportation. A scientific and technical problem arises in development of a technique for technical re-equipment of high-performance special equipment with given nominal energy and power characteristics of the machines. It was proposed to solve this problem by combining recuperative systems with reuse of the energy of gravity of the own mass of garbage. Thus, the objective of the work is to develop a rotor-inertial device with reduced energy intensity. Methods of analytical and statistical research of the model range of special equipment with an analysis of its technical characteristics have been applied. To solve the problem of developing a kinematic diagram of a briquetting device, a calculation was performed based on the method of modeling the structure of composite aggregates. Modeling was performed in SolidWorks program in Simulation application package.
The developed kinematic diagrams of units and aggregates for briquetting and pressing garbage operate at rated power characteristics of hydraulic equipment achieved due to distribution of drive power among the most energy- loaded operations.
The article presents the rationale for effectiveness of the developed rotary- inertia device for briquetting HSW. The originality of the design lies in the structural arrangement of the briquetting unit and the grinding mechanism. The use of the principles of inertial moments and gravity of own mass of garbage allowed us to significantly (by 25 %) reduce the energy consumption of the pressing process and formation of the finished briquette. The use of mechanical energy of the conveyor belt tensioners and of the mass of the roll increased with briquetting under its own weight, allowed to reduce the work spent to form compacted HSW from 48000 kJ to 11970 kJ, to reduce the volume of the pressed roll, to increase the utilization rate of load carrying capacity, to reduce the energy intensity of the process.

The article discusses the issues of implementation and organization of high-speed transport. The objective of the article is to consider possible options for implementing highspeed (HS) motion systems using the principle of magnetic levitation, which will ensure high speeds for delivery of goods and carrying people over long distances. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to develop an engine and technical solutions for design of HS rolling stock, make decisions on energy supply infrastructure and the HS track, address safety issues and new control systems considering the state of the infrastructure and its design elements.
The article discusses several options for implementation of high-speed transport systems, differing in the power supply system, current collection and track based on the magnetic levitation approach. An original approach is proposed in implementation of magnetic levitation transport using the technology of electromagnetic guns designed to implement traction forces of a magnetic levitation vehicle. The advantage of this approach is that it opens the possibility of maneuvering for the vehicle while driving. This allows to abandon switch turnouts, now significantly limiting the use of magnetic levitation transport. A mathematical model describing interaction of an electromagnetic gun and supermagnets located on the track is considered. In constructing the model, methods of the theory of electromagnetic field and interaction of magnetic bodies were used, and when constructing a model of interaction of rolling stock with a magnetic track, methods of mathematical algebra and the Cauchy theorem were used.
The article discusses various principles of organization of movement using the magnetic levitation for urban, suburban, and intercity transport.

The article is devoted to methodological features of forecasting intercity passenger flows under the conditions of transformation of the transport system of Russia, namely, the emergence of a new type of rail transport which is high-speed rail. The objective of the article is to present the authors’ methodology for forecasting passenger flows and to prove its higher efficiency relative to the methods used in Russia today. The article considers the historical aspect of forecasting passenger flows, analyzes strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches to forecasting and modelling passenger flows. The authors argue that it is impossible to simulate the number of trips with changes in transportation parameters only on the basis of patterns identified by retrospective data series (the most common approach to forecasting passenger flows in Russia).
The article proposes an alternative methodology based on the calculation of passenger’s total costs of a trip, which depend on cost of travel, loss of time, frequency of departure of vehicles and their comfort, as well as considering the dynamics of key social-economic indicators. The technique allows minimizing measurement errors arising from the lack of primary information about some types of passenger transport, as well as calculating the induced demand for trips arising as a result of improved transportation characteristics. The authors identified and expressed in quantitative terms the main factors of redistribution of passenger flows to newly introduced types of transport.
The article discusses the experience of forecasting passenger flow according to the proposed method at the example of four itineraries where movement of high-speed trains of Lastochka type started. The forecasted results are compared with the actual volumes of transportation, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the forecasting method and its applicability in modern realities of the Russian transport system. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach to forecasting passenger traffic, as well as the possibilities of its implementation and further development in Russia are identified.

The article considers the problem of seasonal uneven transportation and its impact on transport infrastructure loading. The objective of the study is to develop scientifically sound recommendations for monitoring seasonal unevenness of transportation and infrastructure loading based on its adequate assessment; conducting economic assessment of the impact of seasonality of transportation on the indicators of current and investment activity of railway transport; making recommendations to further reduce unevenness of transportation, or at least prevent its growth.
The authors solved the following tasks: a reasoned, logically structured sequence of economic assessment of the impact of seasonality of transportation on the indicators of current and investment activities of railway transport was formed, and scientifically based recommendations were proposed to further reduce uneven transportation (toprevent its growth). The following methods were used: logical and analytical tools, methods of statistical analysis, economic-mathematical modelling and technical and economic calculations.
As a result of the study, the authors revealed that seasonal uneven loading of railway infrastructure leads to a decrease in quality of transportation and a deterioration in the market image of the railway industry, an increase in operating costs and cost of transportation, that is, to a decrease in efficiency and competitiveness of railways. The uneven transportation negatively affects the effectiveness of investments in development of railway transport.
The analysis made it possible to formulate a theoretical model of influence of seasonal unevenness of railway infrastructure loading on efficiency of its use and development. It is advisable to use the methodological toolkit for assessing seasonal unevenness of railway infrastructure loading for its in-depth retrospective analysis, identifying the main factors affecting unevenness indicators and determining the maximum permissible level of seasonal unevenness.
The developed model of influence of seasonal unevenness of loading on use and development of railway infrastructure allows to carry out economic assessment of seasonal unevenness, is a tool to improve planning and management of transportation activities and development of railways. The reduction in seasonal unevenness of transportation should be considered as a factor increasing the economic efficiency of not only the current, but also investment activity of the railway transport, while its growth should be considered as a specific type of risk for effectiveness of implementation of railway infrastructure development projects.

The international practices show that there are active policies of encouraging the use of public transport by people of special, privileged categories. Differentiated tariffs are used, all transport modes are combined into a single system, an index of accessibility of passenger transportation services is introduced. The system of free and discounted travel is widely implemented in Russia.
But the problem of social support for privileged categories of citizens cannot be solved without ensuring payment of their travel with public transport. The burden of financing the provision of benefits cannot be assigned to carriers.
Only development and subsequent application of the method of calculating uncollected fare will solve the problem of paying for transportation of social benefit holders. In this case, public transport enterprises will be able to conduct normal business activities and provide high-quality and safe passenger transportation services.
The objective of the article is to justify the need to develop a method for calculating uncollected fare taking into account established tariffs.
Nation-wide and regional legislation, as well as judicial practice regarding research problems, were studied at the example of some Russian regions. A critical analysis of the relevant regional regulations has been made. Information was collected on public transport enterprises that had ceased operations.
As a result of a graphical interpretation of information on tariffs established by the state and compensation to carriers, the collected data were synthesized, which made it possible to clearly demonstrate the absence of a relationship between compensation and passenger transportation tariffs.

Analysis of demand for air transportation is a key business process around which each airline develops strategic and operational plans. Based on the demand forecast, strategic plans for development of the airline’s route network are developed, as well as budgeting, financial planning, sales and marketing plans, aircraft fleet planning, risk assessment and plans to overcome their consequences. Demand analysis also facilitates important management activities, such as decision-making, performance evaluation, and reasonable allocation of resources in specific and uncertain conditions for development of the air transport system.
Based on the specific requirements of the airline or in relation to a specific airline, an individual demand forecasting model can be developed. Such a model is an extension or a combination of various qualitative and quantitative methods for forecasting demand. The task of developing a custom model is often iterative, highly detailed, and driven by expert knowledge and can be accomplished by introducing suitable demand management software.
The task stated in the article is not a staging task for building a model, but only offers to study the available theoretical material for the analysis of demand for air transportation based on the most famous models for forecasting demand for transportation.
The method of scientific research of the problem posed in the article is the method of scientific analysis of existing models. Offer and demand for air transport services are reciprocal but asymmetric. Although the realized demand for transportation cannot take place without an appropriate level of supply, an air transport service can exist without appropriate demand. This is often found in projects that are developed with a margin that meets the expected level of demand, which may or may not be realized, or it may take several years to be realized. Regular air transport services form a supply that exists even if demand is insufficient. Several models presented in the article emphasize the conditions in which there is supply saturation, and on the other hand, the models in which demand is formed due to the mutual attractiveness of the entities that form demand are considered.

Stationary systems for monitoring devices of train traffic control are currently being implemented as external means of technical diagnostics and are located mainly centrally. The set of diagnostic parameters is scarce, and most measurements are indirect. This, ultimately, leads to low efficiency of monitoring systems, and the share of useful information from the total amount of data according to experts does not exceed 5 %. The development of monitoring technologies should follow the path of integration of measurement and control functions. The objective of the work is to draw the attention of the scientific community to the principles of monitoring and control systems implementation and the transition from their disunity to integration. Using methods of technical diagnostics and monitoring, it is proposed to switch to more advanced control systems with built-in means of troubleshooting and monitoring. The author has proposed the concept of integrated technical diagnostic tools with object controllers in the form of removable monitoring modules that transmit data along dedicated diagnostic transmission paths. Depending on the geographical location of the controller (centralized at the control station or decentralized near the controlled object), a set of diagnostic parameters is determined and a choice of diagnostic information processing methods is carried out. With decentralized location of controllers, the diagnostic modules can transmit diagnostic information from external and distributed sensors at railway infrastructure facilities. Implementation of the presented concept will allow receiving a much larger amount of initial data for operation of monitoring systems, including transition to obtaining digital twins of railway infrastructure facilities. In a broader sense, when organizing monitoring systems, it is necessary to focus not only on railway automation, but also pay attention to other infrastructure facilities serviced by personnel of adjacent sectors. Since all objects function together, such an approach to organization of monitoring will improve quality of diagnosis and prognosis, as well as provide an opportunity to assess the residual resource of technical objects.

The task of resource saving is relevant for all transport companies and many world communities of scientists and engineers are engaged in search for ways to solve it. World railway companies, and especially large ones such as Russian Railways, are large consumers of energy resources and the problem of saving is the most urgent for them. One of directions for solving this task can be the use of an optimal energy regulation system for traction of each train – an operational rationing system. Such a task can only be solved by modelling the process of movement through the dynamic programming method. In modern conditions of development of engineering and technology, it has become possible to develop such operational standardization systems endowed with important properties: high performance, multitasking, solution accuracy, ease of use and maintenance. These requirements impose certain restrictions on the architecture of the operational rationing system. Typical system architecture should be built around a centralized node, which will act as a solver and storage, nodes for input and output of information can be geographically separated. The method of dynamic programming can be improved by using it in the process of training artificial neural networks, which will form not only a priori estimates of energy consumption for traction, but also an a posteriori estimate of train control (by a train driver or auto-driving system). Also, the use of artificial neural networks will allow us to continuously improve the method due to training using the accumulated amount of data from real trips, which will allow us to clarify the norms of energy consumption and to plan our costs in the future. The prototype of the operational standardization system was developed at the department of traction rolling stock of Russian Open Academy of Transport of Russian University of Transport and the results obtained allow us to state that the chosen approach to solving the problem of energy saving has been chosen correctly.

The main shunting operations at the cargo terminal compose of supply of cars for loading and their removal after unloading. The article describes the modes of operation of a shunting diesel locomotive performing these operations. The procedure for calculating in the form of an algorithm for determining performance indicators of a shunting locomotive is given, followed by the results of calculations for performing a technological operation of supplying cars for loading and removing them after unloading by a ChME3 diesel locomotive at the cargo terminal. The necessity of increasing the requirements for quality of control decisions made by drivers of shunting diesel locomotives is determined. The criterion for evaluating the use of one or another locomotive control mode has been adjusted.
These studies are aimed at ensuring control in the most efficient way, providing for a reduction in fuel consumption by shunting diesel locomotives and thereby reducing the cost of shunting work at the cargo terminal, the costs for owners of cargo terminals.
Also, a comparative analysis of the use of various options for controlling a diesel locomotive for the most common operation, supply of five cars for loading and their removal after unloading, at the cargo terminal under specified operating conditions is performed and presented. The cost of fuel saved through the use of a rational mode of control of a shunting locomotive has been determined.

The average daily mileage of a wagon, its productivity and turnover determine the level of efficiency of rolling stock use. The car turnover is calculated and normalized not only for the fleet as a whole, but also for each type of rolling stock, for a particular region and road, depending on the nature of the transportation work. Accelerating car turnover increases its productivity and increases profit of an operator company. At the same time, its decrease negativ ely affects the capacity of the infrastructure, entails an increase in the cost of shunting and train work, which means that it will increase the cost of transportation.
In modern conditions, turnover is determined for each participant in transportation in accordance with his area of responsibility. For an iron and steel plant, the use of an optimal methodology for recording the time spent by a wagon on its tracks allows us to adequately assess this important quality indicator, as well as to monitor its change as a result of introduction of new technologies for transport maintenance of workshops, reconstruction of station layout and optimization of the transportation process.
The objective of the study is to improve the methodology for determining car turnover on access roads of a metallurgical enterprise for universal rolling stock in the context of dual operations.
The authors use general scientific methods, mathematical methods, comparative analysis.
This article presents the main provisions of the methodology, which will allow determining turnover of gondola cars subject to a single or dual operations in the form of a single indicator which is average weighted car turnover.

The article provides the results of an intermediate stage of research on development of a project to create infrastructure for operation of highly environmentally friendly electric vehicles.
The transition to electric transport is one of the promising methods to solve the problem of emissions and achieve environmental goals. An electric bus is a relatively new type of rolling stock, requiring a balanced and objective justification for selection of certain possible options for technical, technological, economic and other aspects of organisation of its operation.
To achieve the goal of developing a project to create infrastructure for operation of environmentally friendly electric vehicles, an initial analysis of legal acts, technical characteristics of electric buses and the parking and on route infrastructure approaches to organizing transportation by electric buses with various charging concepts was performed. The analysis of the concepts of charging electric bus batteries allowed to divide them into 5 classes and group into 3 groups according to charging speed. An analysis of the required infrastructure for operation of electric buses showed that conceptually there are 2 types of charging stations.
The calculations and evaluation of various options for organizing operation of electric buses on a fixed route with various concepts of charging were performed. A necessary direction for further research is economic assessment of operation of electric buses with various charging concepts and the necessary transport infrastructure.
The methods used include analysis, evaluation of previously performed analytical studies, legal acts and a synthesis of domestic and foreign experience.

The article substantiates the relevance of the study and development of coping behavior of future civil aviation pilots in the context of their higher professional education. The results of the study are presented, the purpose of which was to determine strength of coping strategies used by cadet pilots in difficult life situations, as well as their types of psychological defenses that «trigger» the mechanism of evading prompt and constructive solutions to personal and professional problems. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a stressoriented approach to coping (R. Lazarus, S. Folkman). This approach studies the phenomenon of coping in terms of effectiveness and inefficiency of human interaction with stress factors.
As an empirical research method, testing was selected according to the questionnaire «Strategies for coping behavior» developed by a group of scientists from the laboratory of clinical psychology of St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute named after V. M. Bekhterev, and the questionnaire of types of psychological defense (R. Plutchik in adaptation of L. I. Wasserman, O. F. Eryshev [et al]). The effectiveness of these methods is confirmed by the results of their application in examination of various categories of tested persons, by retest reliability, internal and external validity.
To determine presence or absence of a linear relationship between a number of values of «Confrontation» coping strategy (as, in our opinion, the most destructive strategy in flight conditions) and a series of values of the most pronounced types of psychological defenses of the respondents identified in the study, the method of parametric statistics was applied, calculation of the Pearson correlation criterion. Based on assessment of strength of the correlation between the coping strategy «Confrontation» and psychological defenses «Regression», «Projection», and «Substitution», the degree of their influence on the nature of interaction of pilots in the flight and cabin crew and on flight safety in general was analyzed.

The Russian Federation occupies one of the first places in terms of road transport mortality. While the countries of the European Union play a special and significant role in reducing global indicators of road traffic mortality. The objective of the study is to compare the level of knowledge on first aid techniques among drivers in the Russian Federation and EU countries. In continuation of the previous work, in the framework of which a study was conducted by interviewing citizens of the Russian Federation according to the questionnaire developed by the authors, the number of respondents increased from 107 to 403 people. To compare the indicators, 402 European Union citizens were surveyed. The survey was conducted in May–September 2018 and in January and June 2019. A direct survey was conducted by the students of VPI (branch) of VolSTU and Volgograd State Medical University. The platform https://docs.google.com/forms was also used, a link to the questionnaire was posted in the most active driver communities in the social networks Vkontakte and Facebook. According to the data received, Russian driving schools are much more likely to neglect conducting first aid classes than European ones. EU respondents were much less likely to encounter the need for first aid, which may be due to the shorter time for arrival of a team of doctors at the scene of an accident. The most significant discrepancies were revealed in drivers’ knowledge regarding issues related to application of a hemostatic tourniquet, indications of beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its methods, and actions in case of fractures of the extremities, i.e. critical in cases of traffic accidents. The general preliminary conclusion, subject to fruther detailing, is drawn that more attention is paid to first aid issues in the EU. To improve the situation in Russia, a number of measures have been proposed: compulsory medical classes at driving schools by a medical professional, greater attention to training in first aid techniques in educational institutions, training of special services for first aid skills and facilitating the training of ordinary citizens.

Using the methods of systematic and comparativ e analysis, the article systematized the tasks, main stages and participants in the transport security process, analyzed the role of the transport infrastructure stakeholders in this process, and formulated the functional structure of the activity of the transport infrastructure stakeholder in the form of an appropriate scheme in the framework of ensuring transport security. The main component of the transport security management system is determined. The results of the study, in addition to development of the existing methodological apparatus in the field of transport security, can be used in the following areas: in organizing the process of managing transport security of transport infrastructure facilities and vehicles of various types of transport, in the educational process of higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as educational process of specialized training centers for training of specialists in the field of transport security. The results of the study may also be of interest to officials responsible for ensuring transport security, especially in such companies as JSC Russian Railways, PJSC Aeroflot and State Unitary Enterprise Moscow Metro, which are the largest stakeholders of transport infrastructure in the Russian Federation.

A suggested review is devoted to the textbook «Jurisprudence for students of transport universities» prepared by the staff of the department «Transport Law» of the Law Institute of Russian University of Transport.
The textbook in a systematic form sets out the didactic blocks included in the course «Jurisprudence», aimed at specialists of transport universities and containing material necessary and sufficient to build legal competencies for future specialists in the field of transport, which will ensure their successful fulfillment of their future responsibilities in the context of digitalization of the economy and transport logistics. The presented material reflects all modern trends of dynamically developing Russian legislation, recent changes in regulatory legal acts regulating activities in the field of transport.
The publication may be of interest not only for students, but also for scientists, teachers, specialists and everyone who is interested in issues of law and its relations with functioning of the transport system.

Compiled by N. OLEYNIK

Compiled from the news of the press center of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation: https://mintrans.gov.ru/press-center/news/9428

Compiled based on JSC Russian Railways press centre news: https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9517/page/104070?id=4091

Based on the news of the press centre of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation: https://mintrans.gov.ru/ press-center/news/9399