The objective of the article is to substantiate the matrix approach to the design of the principles of management of transport organisations and businesses, as well as to clarify and supplement the quantity and quality of these principles.

Classification was chosen as research method, and binary matrices formed based on classification features of objects and their variants were used as a tool.

The following results have been obtained within the study: an approach to the design of the principles of management of transport organisations and businesses has been substantiated, ensuring their structuring and coordination both vertically or at management levels, and horizontally or by positions; variants of the principles of management of an organisation or a business have been developed; directions for improving the management systems of transport enterprises and chains based on them are determined.

The implementation of the results obtained will reduce lost profits of enterprises and chains based on them, reduce the time and cost of preparing and implementing management decisions, allow timely responding to the unique requirements of end users and/or services, as well as ensuring compliance of the parameters and characteristics of the internal environment of enterprises and chains based on them with the duration and volatility of environmental factors.

The article provides proposals for improving the efficiency of traffic management using geoinformation data. The objective of the research is to identify promising areas of research to develop single approaches to assessing quality, dependability, and efficiency of traffic management using relevant criteria.

The authors reviewed these criteria from the point of view of regulatory documentation and noted the possibility of using models of urban road networks to find optimal modes of managing traffic at minimal cost. Since previous studies showed the lack of single approaches and clear criteria for optimising traffic management, it was proposed to comprehensively consider the possibility of assessing traffic not only from a technical point of view, but also from the point of view of approaches used in management theory.

As a tool of assessment of the efficiency indicators of traffic management, a time cost function was proposed, which is the sum of the time costs for all the road users. Increasing the efficiency of traffic management is achieved by minimising this function. It is also noted that when the time cost function is reduced, the material costs of road users, such as fuel costs, are reduced.

Having examined the principles of functioning of road traffic in other countries, the authors identified two approaches to management of traffic on the road network: mechanistic and organic ones. Mechanistic approach presupposes strict respect of the rules by all the road users, while organic one presupposes the ability to deviate from the rules. The authors presented examples of selforganisation of traffic on sections of the road network of the city of Irkutsk, which is an example of application of an organic approach to organising traffic in Russia.

The article results in development of several promising areas of research, due to which uniformity of approaches to selection and formation of requirements for indicators of depedability, quality and efficiency of traffic management can be achieved.

The design and operation of transport structures (railways, roads, bridges) located on the seashores in the zone of possible erosion by waves requires particularly careful consideration of shoreline protection measures.

The article, using the example of a specific section of the Sambian Peninsula from Cape Taran to Cape Gvardeisky in Kaliningrad region, shows the problem of protecting a road running along the coast from wave action and suggests ways to solve it. The study describes results of laboratory studies on creation of a wavedamping sandy beach on the shores under conditions of material deficiency in the alongshore sediment flow.

The research was carried out using the method of physical modelling in a wave basin. The research has proved the fundamental possibility of creating a local stable sandy beach to protect transport structures from wave action under the conditions of material deficiency in the alongshore sediment flow.

The research results can be extended to other coastal sections of roads and railways.

The article considers the optimisation of internal forces from constant loads of the underwater floating transport structure to reduce the local effects of internal forces.

This new type of structures can be used at significant depths of intersected water obstacles. Such structures will be in demand for the construction of underwater crossings as part of transcontinental transport corridors such as North – South, Japan – Europe and others.

The purpose of the proposed study is to optimise the design to solve the problem of overloads of structural elements. To solve this problem, methods of structural mechanics and numerical experiment using the finite element method were used. Optimisation makes it possible to reduce bending moments in the zones of the edge effect when using a radial fastening scheme by several times. This will allow the use of unified sections of the structure.

The article substantiates optimisation methods and their verification using the finite element method. The article also discusses the problems of system survivability of a structure in the event of failure of one or two anchorages. Bending moments increase significantly, but the traffic could be continued since the load from the train and the sum of constant loads have opposite signs.

Recently, reinforced soil retaining walls have been increasingly used for construction of abutment pile groups. But those two structures are designed separately from each other, often even by different organisations. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of construction of reinforced soil retaining walls on first-pier pile foundations. The main task was to determine the dependence of the height of the embankment on the growth of adverse effects, the influence of pile length, depth, a possibility to apply nonlinear models and types of installation.

Complex modelling in flat and spatial settings has shown the need to consider while designing pile foundations the negative impact of additional horizontal and vertical shifts, as well as of bending moments and longitudinal forces. The study recorded a factor of emergence of negative friction the mechanism of which requires separate study.

The main conclusion of the study related to the need to develop a comprehensive assessment of the impact of construction of reinforced soil retaining walls on pile foundations of abutments.

The article provides an overview of the conditions necessitating the calculation of torsional vibrations and disturbing moments relevant for their calculation as for marine diesel engines followed by an analysis of the effect of torsional vibrations on the breakdown torque of the engine. The forces arising in the crank mechanism of the engine due to torsional vibrations are illustrated by a diagram. Formulas are suggested for calculating the breakdown torque caused by torsional vibrations of the crankshaft of a multi-cylinder engine and the total breakdown torque. It is recommended to consider the influence of moments caused by torsional vibration on the unevenness of rotation and vibration of the engine.

The results of calculation of the total torque of the engine previously performed by group of researchers, considering the influence of torsional vibrations, are quoted for DGR A 100/750 diesel generator with an effective power of 100 kW at a nominal speed of 750 rpm with a 6L 18/22 engine.

Based on the results of the analysis, suggestions are given on the need to consider the moments arising from torsional vibrations when diagnosing the engine.

Optimising the supply of raw materials is closely related to the problems that arise at wood processing plants. Assessing the optimality of solutions often becomes a pressing issue.

The article considers the scenario of a forestry plant without its own sources of raw materials, such as loggers, which seeks to find an optimal solution at the final stage of planning, based on data on previous transactions. A commodity exchange is considered as a source of raw materials, where lots appear daily in various regions of logging enterprises in a random order.

The scientific sources offer multiple methods for calculating optimal profit throughout the entire planning period, but these approaches do not consider many important features of forest processing enterprises.

This paper presents a mathematical model that allows estimating the optimal path for profit values throughout the entire planning period. A distinctive feature of the model is that it takes into account the share of the useful volume of raw materials that can be used in production of oriented strand boards after being delivered to the warehouse, as well as the delivery time of lots under conditions of uncertainty.

After testing on data from the Russian Mercantile Exchange and one of Primorsky region enterprises, the model was applied to calculate the optimal profit trajectory for various data, including volumes of raw materials, time of lot delivery and other important production indicators, such as profit volume and volume of goods produced. Analysis of the results revealed difficulties in planning supply chains and production volumes. Regions as sources of raw materials were analysed, and it was determined from which regions and at what point it is worth purchasing raw materials. The article discusses in detail the disadvantages and advantages of the mathematical model.

The main trend in development of high-capacity rolling stock used in the South of Russia is specialisation of coaches. The article considers the advantages of double-decker trains compared to traditional single-decker trains. Double-decker trains make it possible to carry out multimodal transportation of passengers in conditions of increased demand and a decrease in alternative offers from other modes of transport, increase the capacity of passenger rolling stock, the transit capacity of the railway infrastructure, and ensure the most rational use of the dimensions of the rolling stock. As a result, the carrying capacity of railway lines increases with minimal costs since energy costs for traction and traction-related costs are reduced.

The authors analysed and constructed a model for replacing traditional single-decker rolling stock with more spacious doubledecker rolling stock. The dependence of the volume of traffic on passenger flow and a potential area of replacing single-decker trains with double-decker trains are shown. A nomogram is presented for the dependence of the volume of transport services for the population on the regularity of train schedule. A general algorithm for assessing and selecting potential opportunities for assigning double-decker trains in the South of Russia is considered.

Scenarios have been proposed for changing the category of transport services under the conditions of increased demand while replacing single-decker cars with double-decker ones. The annual effect from replacing single-decker cars with double-decker ones was calculated together with the total investment effect.

Passenger transportation by rail can be divided into regular (travelling with labour or recreational purposes, weekend trips), and irregular (tourist, rotational, migration and others). The organisation of regular transportation is based on medium- and long-term planning of number of transported passengers, which is not applicable to irregular transportation.

Determining the optimal layout of a passenger train, the number of main types of sleeping cars (with compartments and reserved seats without compartments) is one of the key tasks in organising railway passenger transportation, including irregular one.

One of the promising improvements in development of longdistance railway passenger transportation is unification of passenger trains, which makes it possible to organise a comprehensive rotation of trains, thereby reducing non-operational downtime and increasing the efficiency of using rolling stock.

Studies to assess the optimal composition of a long-distance train were carried out for regular railway transportation. However, considering several features of irregular passenger transportation, such as short-term planning of the volumes, high differentiation in the number of groups of passengers, a possibility of using free seats on trains on existing routes, it is necessary to re-evaluate the effectiveness of using unified passenger train composition schemes under these conditions.

The development of standard compositions of passenger trains is carried out using the cluster analysis method. The use of three unified compositions is proposed. When developing proposals for unifying the layouts of passenger trains in circulation, it is necessary to consider the additional passenger traffic in irregular transportation, which cannot be absorbed using the remaining free seats. The results of the study were applied to a fragment of the North-Eastern part of railway network.

This article discusses the issues of assessing the perceived quality of services provided by ground urban passenger transport. The implementation of a marketing approach to development of transport services means the need to consider the opinion of a potential consumer regarding a planned or completed trip. Integrating the perceived quality of transport services into development and implementation of urban transport policy will allow us to shape more effectively sustainable transport behaviour, focusing on taking measures that give the greatest return, maintaining the loyalty of existing passengers and attracting new ones.

Based on the focus of the transport service on the final consumer, the article analyses methods for assessing quality indicators for the transport chain. The issues of using a gravity model to assess the quality of amultimodal transport chain are considered with the account for the point of view of an individual passenger and user groups.

The relevance of studying traffic congestion is determined by the need to find a scientifically based criterion for its emergence, development and elimination using modern methods of processing information about car flows. The objective of this study is to reveal a quantitative criterion for emergence and evolution of traffic congestion based on a deterministic estimate of time of movement of individual vehicles in the general flow between control boundaries as a random variable of mean value, mode, median, standard deviation, variation indicators, asymmetry, and kurtosis.

The subject of the study related to the patterns of evolution of the listed deterministic indicators of traffic flows, which can be used for operational forecasting of formation, development, and elimination of traffic congestion. The initial data were obtained using hardware and software systems for fixing traffic violations installed on the urban street-and-road network. As a result of the study, it was found that for the same section of the road, the listed deterministic indicators of a random variable differ significantly during free movement of road transport and in case of a traffic jam. It seems promising to use the average value of duration of movement of cars to identify the stages of emergence, development, and disappearance (liquidation) of traffic congestion. The proposed indicator can serve as a basis for developing a mechanism for real-time assessment of the likelihood of emergence of traffic jams, as well as for developing recommendations for the rapid response of transport services to prevent and eliminate them.

In 2022 there emerged difficulties with supply of car spare parts, which, among other things, caused difficulties with repair of insured vehicles. At the end of 2022, the Department of Insurance and Social Economics of the Financial University, as part of the ongoing applied research work, conducted a market study of service stations and car repair shops, which helped to identify the main problems that have arisen and prospects for development of repair practices commissioned by insurance companies. The main hypothesis of the study was that due to a significant change in the timing of repairs, the attitude of car owners to the use of remanufactured and aftermarket spare parts has also changed, which necessitated a change in the operating practices of Russian service stations and car repair shops, as well as in their development strategy for the short and medium term.

The problematic issues identified during the study comprise: a change in attitude towards the use of remanufactured and aftermarket spare parts, an increase in repair time. The article gives a consumer assessment of the impact of these factors on the quality of repairs. The quality of recycled spare parts, if the replacement of the part does not affect the safe operation of the car, is assessed by most unauthorised services stations as acceptable. At the same time, car service customers are ready to downgrade the category of spare parts to speed up repairs or reduce the price of repairs. The decision is influenced by the age of the car and the likelihood of receiving a discount or a reduction in the repair time.

The study is devoted to description of technological basis for data interoperability of structural health monitoring system for highway artificial structures with intelligent transport systems as well as to developed physical and functional architectures for data interoperability of these systems.

The study also highlights possibilities of using monitoring data to automatically launch scenarios for emergency situational road traffic control and offers a developed mathematical model describing the features of switching between road traffic control modes and steps to implement relevant digital device.

The paper suggests also a simple algorithm developed for diagnosing and activating a scenario in case of a dangerous state of the monitored object.

The results of the work may be advised for consideration when developing intelligent transport systems in the road industry to improve the level of road traffic safety.

Achieving the goals of the sustainable development concept stimulates the use of multimodal systems and intermodal cargo delivery technologies in supply chains. The configuration of the network structure of supply chains in this case becomes more complex following the increase in the number of participants and the diversity of technical and technological parameters of transport systems. The authors have analysed the problems of using piggyback technology as part of supply chains.

The objective of this study is to establish a set of universal characteristics of piggyback systems that determine their sustainability in supply chains. The study used a systems approach to present piggyback technology as to a complex technical system, the main elements of which are intermodal transport units, railway rolling stock and terminals connected by the technology and organisation of piggyback transportation. A developed original system of criteria for choosing a piggyback system considers the current trend in development of transport systems and supply chains from the perspective of their sustainable development.

It is shown that the decision to use piggyback systems as part of sustainable supply chains must be made based on amulti-criteria assessment of the parameters of all elements and relationships within these systems. The system of criteria developed by the authors allows adequate evaluating piggyback systems, coordinate their engineering and technological parameters, and also justify decisions on unification of intermodal transport units.

The process of developing integrated transport systems involves not only a radical change in the scale of the tasks being solved, but also the use of effective methods and tools.

The object of the study is the process of controlling safety of cargo transported in a gondola car. The subject of the study is the relief of the upper surface of the cargo and the unfilled space of the gondola car. The relevance of the study is due to the growing volumes of transportation and significant losses of bulk cargo during transportation, the development of information technology and the possibility of creating an affordable tool for monitoring the safety of transported goods.

The objective of the study is to describe an intelligent tool for monitoring the safety of goods transported by rail in gondola cars, and the process of its application in real time. The proposed control method requires for the transfer of operator functions to a digital assistant and the minimisation of the equipment necessary for monitoring. It is proposed to control the safety of bulk cargo by processing the image of a gondola car with cargo obtained from photo-video cameras with a convolutional neural network, and to calculate the volume of space unfilled with cargo using photogrammetry methods.

One of the measures taken by the International Maritime Organization to prevent terrorist acts at sea was adoption of amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, aimed at ensuring that ships and their cargo do not become targets of terrorist activities.

Complementing the amendments is the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, which is reviewed in this article. The Code describes a specific mechanism for ensuring security in ports and related facilities, and establishes cooperation between government agencies, the shipping and port industries in identifying security threats and preventing incidents affecting ships in ports or port facilities themselves. The document contains effective elements for preventing and deterring incidents against maritime security. In this capacity, the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code has undoubtedly influenced further development of international law in the field of security, safety and efficiency of international maritime transportation.

Exactly 140 years ago, the most famous, in our opinion, work by Sergei Yu. Witte «Principles of railway tariffs for transportation of goods» was first published. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this book. Our regular author, a well-known scientist, D. Sc. (Engineering), Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Dmitry Levin, decided to share his thoughts after a new reading of this work, which has not yet lost its relevance. The encyclopedic views of S. Yu. Witte may be of interest both to economists and to sociologists, philosophers, scientists, and specialists in the theory of public administration. Many of S. Yu. Witte’s judgments have not lost their scientific, theoretical and practical significance to this day and in this sense turned out to be prophetic.

The methodology for constructing prices for transportation of goods, set out by S. Yu. Witte is not only of historical interest (especially in conjunction with the reviews and discussions that accompanied the appearance of his book), but remains important for the modern solution of newly arising issues of improving the tariff system under market transition. Not least of all, the methodology is connected with the cardinal question that arose even then: whether railways should be a natural monopoly or a commercial structure – a debate that continues today

Macheret, D. A., Razuvaev, A. D., Ledney, A. Yu. Economic Assessment of Seasonal Unevenness of Transportation: Monograph [Ekonomicheskaya otsenka sezonnoi neravnomernosti perevozok: Moonografiya]. Moscow, Prometei publ., 2022, 142 p. ISBN 978-5-00172-334-9.

The monograph presents the results of a study of seasonal unevenness of transportation – one of the fundamental economic problems of the transport industry. Using improved methodological tools for assessing seasonal unevenness, transportation by mode of transport was analysed. A scientifically based approach to determining the influence of seasonal unevenness of transportation on the economic efficiency of the use and development of transport infrastructure is disclosed. Attention is focused on assessing the value of transport infrastructure and the economic efficiency of its development, taking into account the unevenness of transportation.