The objective of the study described in the article is to develop a theoretical basis for assessing the long-term impact of transport on economic development in the context of a consistent decrease in transport costs. At the same time, transport costs are proposed to be considered considering the risks of loss of goods during transportation and violations of delivery times, as well as damage to the goods owner from blocking of the capital embodied in the product during its transportation.

Using deductive method in economics, a theoretical model of influence of transport costs on production and sale of goods is proposed, based on which it is concluded that reducing transport costs is a catalyst for economic growth, launching long-term interrelated processes of expanding the geographical area of sales of goods and ensuring growth in volumes, scale, and production efficiency. In contrast, lack of significant progress in development of transport and persistence of high transport costs contribute to conservation of the technical and technological situation and low production efficiency. Based on examples from economic history and modern practices, using methods of statistical analysis and technical and economic calculations, it is shown that the proposed model is consistent with empirical data. Based on the developed model, recommendations were formulated regarding the directions of transport developments desirable for ensuring economic growth. In particular, the need for development of heavy traffic on railways is revealed that will serve to reduce the cost of transportation of relatively inexpensive goods and expand the possibilities for their delivery over long distances, as well as for high-speed transportation for expensive goods that are sensitive to delivery time. Attention is focused on importance of creating an appropriate transport infrastructure and the need to unite the efforts of the state and business for this purpose, contributing to development of transport infrastructure through both institutional instruments and budget investments within the framework of private-public partnership projects.

It is concluded that commodity exchange (trade and transport) is a significant factor in economic development, stimulating an increase in production volumes and efficiency. Therefore, economics should not be built «around production» or «around exchange» but proceed from their interaction and the active role of both of these spheres in the process of economic development.

The development of the transport services sector in the global economy determines the effectiveness of economic links, both at the international level and at the level of organizing exchange processes within each country. In this regard, the topic of improving quality of organization of the transportation process, as well as organization of effective transport and logistics services within the transportation systems, remain relevant in Russia and abroad.

The current state of the transport industry in Russia is characterized by such significant factors in formation of the market environment as digitalization of management processes and development of a customer-oriented policy, which is considered in various policy documents on development of transport. Competition in the Russian transport market is especially intensified for provision of cargo transportation services over medium distances. Currently, road transport services prevail over railway transportation in several regions of Russia, that negatively affects both goods safety rates and the cost of the transportation service itself. The comprehensive plan for modernization and enhancement of main transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation until 2024 involves creation of such transportation management systems that would not only ensure efficiency of delivery in the economic aspect but would also increase the system approach and reliability. It is proposed to consider mixed transportation systems as a form of organization of transportation systems. At the same time, the issues of methodology of classification and management of the transportation process in mixed systems acquire special relevance from the point of view of the choice of system management methods depending on the classification type of the system. The objective of the study is to develop the concept of «mixed transportation system» and a classification of mixed transportation systems in the field of cargo transportation.

A classification system for mixed transportation systems is suggested based on four basic criteria. The classification uses a systemic and process approach, which is associated with the features of organization of multimodal transportation. The hypothesis of the study is to further develop the methodology of «management by results» for mixed transportation systems.

The article proposes a methodology for evaluating radio signal distortions caused by Doppler effect (DE; also, Doppler shift) under the conditions of highspeed train traffic (HSR, high-speed rail). The objective of the work is to develop criteria for assessing quality of radiocommunications with moving objects in HSR environment. For this, a technique is proposed for calculating the probability of an error arising from Doppler effect. A rationale for relevance of the topic is that radiocommunications are used on railways for controlling train traffic and ensuring safety and achieving required quality of radio signals is a major challenge. Quality assessment is especially important for organization of broadband communication channels with locomotive drivers using mobile networks. To solve this problem, a model for assessing quality of radiocommunication influenced by DE is considered. Distortions of signals in a radio channel due to DE are proposed to be estimated using the reduced dispersion of the total error, which consists of two components: dynamic and interference. Calculations of the total reduced signal error and the error probability for speeds above 100 km/h are described. Estimates of the effect of DE on a coherent receiver, in which errors may occur due to changes in duration of radio pulses, are suggested. Effectiveness of the receiver’s automatic frequency control (AFC) system is analysed as a means of challenging DE. For this, the concept of an instantaneous spectrum of parasitic frequency modulation due to DE was introduced and quality of radio communication was calculated using the reduced dispersion of the total error. The efficiency of using AFC has been proven after comparing the evaluations of reception quality with and without AFC in the form of the ratio of error probabilities. The features of the use of mobile communications on railways under the conditions of DE are formulated.

DC traction power supply systems have become widespread in several countries. Electricity consumption by traction power supply systems has pronounced seasonal and daily peaks. The peak nature of consumption leads to additional heating of live parts since time constants of transient thermal and electrophysical processes differ by several orders of magnitude, therefore, reducing ohmic resistance of electrical equipment, other things being equal, is an extremely important task.

Within the framework of solving the problem of increasing energy efficiency of equipment of DC traction substations, smoothing reactor filter devices with an armoured radial-cylindrical magnetic core with low ohmic resistance, named RZhFA‑6500, were developed and manufactured.

In 2018, two blocks of RZhFA‑6500 smoothing reactors were put into pilot operation at one of the most heavily loaded sections of DC electrified railways, providing traffic of trains weighing up to 9000 tons and traffic volume of about a hundred pairs of trains per day.

To determine comparative indicators of energy efficiency, data on consumption of electric power for traction of trains for the compared periods before and after introduction of smoothing reactors of a new type were requested. The data received from JSC Russian Railways contained information on the traffic volume, type of rolling stock, and weight of the transported goods in accordance with the executed traffic schedule through section under consideration. The resulting set of data served as the basis for development of a multivariate methodology for assessing energy efficiency of reactors of a new type, as well as their contribution to efficiency of train operation over the considered comparative time interval. Since efficiency of power equipment also depends on the ambient temperature, the average integral parameter of average daily temperature was introduced into the calculation methodology, which, as it turned out, during processing initial data and construction of characteristic graphical dependencies, has a comparative difference of less than one percent for the same monitored periods.

Accurate quantitative accounting of the data on consumption of electrical energy provided for traction of trains, exchange of reactive energy with the supply network, volume of transportation allowed to obtain an objective comparison of contribution of smoothing reactors of a new type to increasing efficiency of train operation and reducing consumption of electrical energy for traction of trains.

Currently, the problem of ensuring safety of flights of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) over the territory of transport infrastructure facilities (TIF), primarily airports, remains topical.

In one of the previous works, the author together with the co-author proposed a method for increasing safety of movement of unmanned aerial vehicles and the system for controlling the routes of unmanned aerial vehicles (hereinafter – route control system, RCS) that implements it, which makes it possible to improve safety and security of UAV traffic at transport infrastructure facilities by limiting UAV traffic area strictly to a dedicated air corridor (DAC). The development of this system creates the prerequisites for removing the existing restrictions on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles at transport infrastructure facilities.

For practical implementation of the proposed system, it is relevant to develop a method of placing RCS at transport infrastructure facilities. This condition can be justified by the fact that RCS, as a rule, will be located under conditions of dense infrastructural development, including dangerous technical elements of technical equipment, a collision of a UAV with which can lead to an emergency situation (ES); besides, the movement of air/ground vehicles will be carried out in the immediate vicinity of RCS along transport routes/corridors, and employees, passengers and visitors of TIF will move along the pedestrian paths.

The objective of this study – to develop a methodology for placing systems controlling routes of unmanned aerial vehicles at transport infrastructure facilities.

The study conducted with well-known scientific methods, including the basic routing problem posed by Dantzig and Ramser, modelling, analysis, and synthesis, made it possible to develop a method for placing RCS for unmanned aerial vehicles at transport infrastructure facilities. The practical application of the proposed methodology makes it possible to build routes for movement of UAV at TIF, to form a network of dedicated air corridors for UAV at TIF operated in relationship with the system, determine the optimal location of the RCS elements at TIF.

The development of industrial enterprises and the growth of the logistics market require a new approach of planning the construction and reconstruction of railway infrastructure facilities. For the efficient functioning of the transport system, it is necessary to balance the infrastructure capacity and the needs of the freight and passenger transport market. Uneven growth in traffic volumes applies an extra load to the railway network.

Reconstruction of an infrastructure facility can be considered as a phased increase in the production capacity of an enterprise, considering the indicators of net present value (NPV) and labour costs based on the dynamic programming method.

The article analyses the issue of using BIM‑modelling in planning the reconstruction of railway infrastructure facilities. The concept of a digital railway is considered as an example since digital railway projects are the main drivers of the economy of many countries.

Reconstruction of railways in the context of a lack of information about the existing infrastructure facility is an urgent problem for the design organization when conducting surveys in difficult conditions, agreeing on the list of engineering networks and linking the infrastructure of the design object with external asset holders.

The objective of the article is to consider the dominant role of BIM for the infrastructure reconstruction projects using a method for economic assessment of investment options based on dynamic programming according to NPV indicator.

The article, based on the analysis of the existing methods for selection of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to be provided with federal support in modernization of the rolling stock of public urban passenger transport and introduction of intelligent transport systems within the framework of the national project «Safe and High-Quality Highways», highlights main approaches and principles used by the federal authorities as guidelines when making decision on the public state support of the activity planned by the regions in the field of urban transport development. The adequacy of these approaches is considered for cases when state support for public urban passenger transport should be provided on an emergency basis (in particular, under the conditions of a sharp decrease in passenger traffic and ticket revenue due to anti-epidemic measures), proposals are formulated to update these approaches.

The article presents the methodological principles and results of the analysis of key economic indicators for transportation of passengers by rail in the largest countries of the world (France, Germany, USA, Japan, China, and India) in comparison with similar indicators in Russia to determine reference objects for assessing competitiveness of the segment of rail passenger transportation in Russia.

Features of railway systems of the countries under consideration have been briefly analysed. To better demonstrate the results of the analysis, the study objects were enlarged following territorial criterion, i.e., the results are presented not for individual companies, but for the countries where the companies operate.

The calculation of quality indicators of transportation activities for each of the countries considered has been carried out resulted in compilation of a matrix reflecting to some extent the current situation in development of passenger railway transportation. Recommendations have been formulated on the choice of reference objects depending on the specified criteria of comparison.

The article discusses the problem of choosing a method for calculating the population size for feasibility studies in transport modelling of the design road network of cities in the northern regions of the Russian Federation, using the example of the city of Novy Urengoy. The objective of the study is to determine the optimal method for forecasting the population size to obtain initial data for transport modelling. During development of feasibility studies for the city of Novy Urengoy, features of the demographic structure of the northern cities of the Russian Federation affecting the choice of the method for forecasting the population size were identified. Based on the theoretical analysis of scientific literature, the article discusses various methods of calculating the population, analyses the relationship of the existing demographic structure and its influence on the methods of forecasting the population size for transport modelling. In the context of aggravation of demographic problems of the Russian Federation, it is important to assess the regional features of the prospects for changing the population size. The article suggests recommendations on the use of the method of forecasting the population size, considering regional features of cities founded in 20th century because of development of mineral deposits in the northern regions of the Russian Federation.

The objective of the article is to develop a system of principles and methods aimed at improving management of transport flows on the street and road network of a large city with traffic lights regulation. The suggested methodology is based on the methods used in Russia and abroad to improve road traffic safety and quality, results of a survey of experts in the field of road design and traffic management, monitoring at regulated crossings, and analysis of road accidents in the city of Volgograd. The primary customer property of a regulated crossing is road safety. Elimination of causes of road traffic accidents associated with road traffic, structural geometric, signalling, and technical conditions is the most important task regarding a regulated crossing. Enhancing road traffic quality at low levels of network load supposed considering demand for transportation, increase in travel comfort, coordination, and flexibility of traffic lights operation. High degree of network load supposes that more attention is paid to traffic capacity of the street and road network elements, restrained access of vehicles to areas of greater congestion, increased duration of a green light cycle (for more than 120 seconds, if this does not affect traffic safety and network congestion degree).

The article examines the prospects for organizing a cluster as an effective tool for ensuring connectivity of territories of the Russian Federation through the systematic and integrated implementation of intelligent transport technologies, which corresponds to strategic directions of development of transport in the Russian Federation and determines the relevance of the topic. The objective of the study is to determine the features of organisation of the transport and logistics cluster prioritising development of intelligent transport technologies by analysing the prospects for their development, studying variability of characteristics and structure of the cluster under various conditions of its formation based on the methods of formal logic, grouping, analysis of statistical data, normative-legal information, information synthesis. The study resulted in identification of prerequisites for the most rapid development and effective implementation of intelligent transport systems within the cluster. The expediency of using this approach has been substantiated, despite its labour intensity and cost. The study suggests definitions of an innovative transport and logistics cluster, as wells as characteristics of the transport and logistics cluster prioritising intelligent transport technologies. The study revealed the specifics of organisation of this cluster, which is primarily determined by the presence of dual characteristics. The peculiarities of cluster formation are reflected in the proposed structure of the cluster under study. The role of the state in organizing an innovative transport and logistics cluster is also defined

Despite high importance of mass passenger transport for ensuring mobility of urban population, the current period is characterized by a pronounced shift in priorities in implementation of measures for development of the transport system of a large city towards private transport. Along with impossibility of maintaining high rates of construction and reconstruction of the main street and road network, such a position regarding urban planning results in significant overload of almost the entire transport infrastructure of a large city. In the opinion of most experts, key measures aimed at stabilizing the transport situation in cities should comprise implementation of a policy of active development of the mass passenger transportation system. Among the issues of organizing passenger transport operation, the most interesting is the procedure for tracing routes followed by subsequent development of a rational routing scheme, since in many respects the urban passenger travel time will depend on the results there-of. Improvement of the passenger transport routing scheme, considered in relationship with development of the city’s main street and road network, will allow achieving the required level of convenience by increasing traffic flow speed. After reviewing domestic and foreign works devoted to the study of urban transportation systems, it was found that the known methods of development of passenger transport routing schemes do not fully consider the interaction of traffic flows with urban main roads. Often, experts pay insufficient attention to optimization criteria that allow a comprehensive analysis of rationality of routing schemes options. Analysis of the requirements for bus routing, the choice of priority directions for their development and convenience of movement made it possible to generalize the principles of designing routing schemes and to assign criteria for their optimization. It has been established that speed is the most significant criterion for optimizing transportation systems, considering the peculiarities of the organization of traffic flows on the road network of a large city and its transport and operational conditions. Based on the routing experience accumulated over almost a century, an approach has been developed to reasonable assignment of measures for reorganizing the routing scheme, which allows us to consider the factors that determine the technical condition of the road network and the characteristics of traffic flows. Its general idea is to connect separate links of the transport network and to sequentially develop a set of competing route options, one of which will later be included in the rational routing scheme.

The article studies direct and external effects produced by the development of railway infrastructure facilities. Examples of intersectoral cooperation in the transport sector in Russian and international practices confirm that development of intersectoral production and transport interaction of business entities allows to radically accelerate scientific and technological progress in the railway industry, namely, to develop and introduce new models of railway rolling stock, new transportation technology, considering also regional features of the transportation market.

The practical part considers the advantages of introduction of freight electric multiple-unit trains (FEMUT), identifying the main groups of cargo owners, for whom this type of rolling stock is intended. The results of calculations show possible reduction in running time and in specific consumption of electric power when introducing FEMUT. The calculated costs of self-propelled (motor) and trailer wagons of FEMUT are followed by the results of economic calculations of NPV of life cycle operation of FEMUT in comparison with a train with locomotive traction. To achieve the stated objectives of the research, the work uses methods and tools of technical comparison and of financial planning.

Emilius Lenz is a famous Russian physicist of German origin, academician, professor at St. Petersburg University, and later its rector, doctor of philology, privy councilor … He took part in Kotzebue’s trip around the world on the sailing sloop Enterprise. Lenz is known for his fundamental work on electromagnetism and the study of the thermal effect of electric current.

The author of the law stating the direction of induced current (Lenz’s law) and co-author of the law on the thermal effect of electric current (Joule–Lenz law). He carried out several significant studies on the effect of current on dissimilar conductors, developed methods for calculating electromagnets for building electrical machines.

Legends circulated about his wonderful lectures on physics and physical geography, they were remarkable for their amazing clarity and systematicity.

Throughout his life, Lenz was engaged in research in the field of physics. Lenz’s contribution to science can hardly be overestimated. Emilius Lenz was an exceptionally versatile scientist. He was the author of textbooks on physics for high school, worked on the galvanic gilding of the domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, on the problem of lighting Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. Lenz was a physicist in the broadest sense of the word. He never closed himself on «pure theoretical science», always tried to apply the results of his discoveries in practice.

We reproduce an article first published in 1910 that describes in detail engineering projects, that were not only being developed but widely discussed. Those projects were dedicated to development of rapid, and particularly high-speed transportation in Berlin. The developments of that time reflected broad engineering views. It seems to be an attempt to integrate into a single project all the promising ideas regarding technical advancements as well as optimal transport modelling, routing schemes, traffic organisation, urban spatial planning. The discussion touched upon radial and ring traffic system, integration of the urban transportation system into national and even global one, splitting of passenger and freight traffic and infrastructure, and engineering decisions have reminded about contemporary monorail, elevated railways, light metro, and even personal rapid transit systems… The article attracted attention in Germany, as well as in other countries, and was reproduced in Zheleznodorozhnoe Delo [Railway Business] journal. Probably, many described aspects besides historical ones might be of interest today as well.

The article provides a review of the textbook «Actual problems of legal support of professional activity» for students at transport universities enrolled in master’s programs, prepared by the team of the department of Transport Law of the Law Institute of Russian University of Transport under the general editorship of Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Alexander I. Zemlin. The review notes the relevance of the topics included in the content of the textbook, the breadth of their coverage, which makes it possible to ensure complete and comprehensive mastering of didactic material, the depth of the scientific approach demonstrated by the authors in the process of working on the publication, the practical significance and potential relevance of the textbook. The sufficiency of the material presented in the textbook is especially emphasized regarding training of future specialists of the highest qualifications in the field of transport with legal competencies necessary for subsequent successful fulfillment by them of their professional duties in the context of digitalization of the economy and transport.