The concept of building a traction power supply system with power storage devices provides for their operation to solve the following problems: increasing the transit and carrying capacity, energy efficiency of transportation, reliability of power supply and quality of electric energy. The implementation of pilot projects to solve various problems in the field of traction power supply both in Russia and abroad shows their technical effectiveness.
Improving reliability of power supply with the help of storage devices today is considered mainly for options for their use as on-board devices on electric rolling stock or as stationary devices at traction power supply system facilities. Increasing reliability of power supply is achieved through operation of energy storage systems in case of forced or post-emergency modes of operation of traction power supply systems. When solving this problem, it is required to evaluate the voltage level, the change of which is due to the discharge characteristic of the used energy storage device.
The objective of the work is to assess the change in the voltage level and energy intensity of the energy storage device used on-board electric rolling stock or as stationary one at traction power supply facilities.
Based on the proposed models, the paper assesses the change in the voltage of the energy storage device for the conditions of a short-term absence of voltage in the catenary system using the example of three types of batteries and a supercapacitor. The results obtained in the work allow proceeding to assessment of the performance of electric energy storage systems under various conditions of development of traction load and for different operating modes of the traction power supply system.

The review study is devoted to the analysis of the modern systems aimed at enhancing or replacing existing systems of rail automatics and refers to ERTMS (European Union), CTCS (PRC), ATACS (Japan), PTC (Unites States) and ABTS-MSH (Russian Federation).
The review study discusses the main approaches and principles applied during the research and development of train traffic interval control systems, modern trends in their developments on public railways in Russia and other countries with the account for the scale of their adoption, offers tentative identification of problems that have arisen at the stages of implementation and operation and evaluation of the outlook for their further improvements.
While each system merits detailed study, the prevailed approach focused on comparative system analysis and revealing differences and common tendencies regarding their further evolution.

While considering the problems of ensuring aviation accessibility of remote settlements in the regions of the Eastern Arctic Area of Russia, the study has concretised the concept of aviation accessibility of a settlement.
The analysis of aviation mobility of the population of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was carried out. It has been established that the lack of a sufficient number of landing sites is a limiting factor in performance of regular flights between settlements and the centres of the Arctic regions. Under these conditions, local flights are carried out mainly by MI-8 helicopters which are expensive in operation, with extremely low regularity and not full load.
To justify the construction of a network of landing sites in the Arctic region, a methodology has been developed for predicting seasonal distribution of passenger flows within local air transportation. This methodology is based on Ward’s hierarchical clustering method, which allows, considering many criteria, to divide all settlements into clusters, in each of which the demand for air transportation is present during a certain number of months.
It is substantiated that construction of a landing site in a settlement is necessary if there is a demand for air transportation for more than five months a year. Using the example of 65 Arctic settlements of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), five clusters were identified. For three of them the need to build landing sites is proved. The zones of gravity of regional airports with a range of 150 km were determined, considering the possibility to get from the settlement to the airport in 3–4 hours. Based on the results of clustering and identification of gravity areas of regional airports, a predictable network of landing sites in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was built.

Recently, the issue of determining actual values of passenger flow processed by urban public and suburban transport on each section of the route in real time has become even more relevant since those values affect planning, organisation of operations and performance of transport enterprises.
It is not possible to assess the real volume of passenger flow with the number of tickets issued to passengers due to the large number of unaccounted passengers (the discrepancy between the number of tickets issued to passengers and the real number of passengers transported).
The objective of the study which results are described in the article was to develop an intelligent system for calculating and analysing the transport enterprise performance, which allows automatically collecting, processing and analysing information about passenger flows, calculating the passenger rotation ratio on the route, drawing up optimal bus schedules and timetables, adjusting vehicle traffic intervals, determining the need for rolling stock to minimise the likelihood that a passenger is denied boarding, improving the quality of passenger service and reducing the operating costs of a transport enterprise.
Real-time calculation of passenger flow values for each vehicle on the route of urban public transport is carried out by a quantitative method based on artificial neural network technology, which allows automatic processing of a large amount of information from CCTV cameras installed in vehicle interiors.
The use of theoretical research methods helped to create an intelligent system capable to analyse and compare the number of tickets issued to passengers with the actual number of passengers transported on Samara city public transport route, the results were displayed through a graphical user interface. It was possible to reveal dependences of the number of unaccounted passengers on the route on the amount of passenger flow and the time of day.
A possibility of using the proposed intelligent system in commuter trains was noted, provided that the cars are equipped with video surveillance cameras.

Today, digital transformation is a priority vector for development of all economic sectors of the Russian Federation; at the same time, special attention in this context is paid to the transport and logistics sector due to its great importance for the country’s economy. The implementation of information systems that meet modern requirements, as well as with added functionality, is one of the key components of work in the field of digital transformation of transport.
Most often, in this regard the attention is paid to financial and technological risks, while the influence of the human factor is considered rather superficially. Hence, the need to examine the risks that are primarily associated with employees of transport and logistics companies, as well as the impact of those risks on digital transformation in general and on the process of implementing information systems in particular, to suggest ways to minimise those risks in the context of modern corporate culture. JSC Russian Railways, as well as PJSC Aeroflot Russian Airlines, are considered as examples of companies that have already implemented advancement within the digital transformation vector.

The objective of the study was to critically comprehend several aspects that are significant for the theory of transport law and the practices of legal regulation of transport activities in the field of operation of highly automated vehicles. Those aspects concern relationship between the regulation of transport relations with the instruments of, respectively public and private law, associated with the typology of complex legal entities and the practices of economic sectors.
Particular research tasks included a systemic legal analysis of the currently available number of modern scientific developments in the field of legal regulation of relations related to the use of highly automated vehicles, with the aim to reveal shortcomings, search for ways to eliminate conflicts and gaps in legal regulation. To achieve the research goals the study applied formal-dogmatic and systematic methods of special legal research. This approach allowed evaluation of a promising development vector of legal regulation in this area.
The article largely summarises and expands the results of the research presented in earlier publications and proven in a scientific report during the Fifth Civil Readings in memory of Professor M. G. Pronina (March 16, 2023, Academy of Management under the President of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus).
Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that several gaps in the legal regulation of relations related to introduction and use of highly automated vehicles create significant obstacles to effective development of the transport system, increases thus the relevance of the proposals to determine directions for further research in this area. Improving the legislative and regulatory framework will have a significant positive impact on successful expansion of the use of highly automated vehicles in the transport industry and within the entire economy.

In modern methods of technological design, the capacity of service facilities depends on the number of cars entering them per unit of time. At the same time, regardless of the type of service object, the number of visits is somehow associated with intensity of the vehicle traffic on a given road, as well as with one of the characteristics that determine speed of this event. Such a characteristic, for example, for service or maintenance stations is intensity of vehicle failures, for fuelling stations – intensity of fuel consumption, for hotels and parking lots – intensity of the onset of fatigue for drivers and passengers. This gives ground for conclusion that there is a significant similarity between the processes that result in an event that can be called a visit to a service facility. Thus, the purpose of this theoretical study was to develop a common approach applicable to all road service facilities to determine the number of such events, as well as to develop a common methodology for their design.
A characteristic feature of operation of service objects is a time-varying flow of demand for the operation of service facilities, as well as variable labour intensity and duration of troubleshooting or the provision of other service services. Systems in which the moments of receipt of requests for service and the duration of the services themselves are variable and random are called a queuing system. Therefore, to justify the number of car arrivals at road service facilities, the authors proposed a probabilistic method, the main tools of which are provisions and mathematical apparatus of the queuing theory.
The main condition for functioning of the queuing system is the ratio between the incoming flow of requirements and the absolute throughput of the system. Thus, the mathematical model proposed by the authors considers the performance indicators of service facilities, depending on the size of the incoming flow of requirements and its variation, on the one hand, and on the throughput and performance of service facilities, on the other hand.

Application of the physical modelling method to justify regulatory requirements for design of structures for engineering protection of transport facilities from wave action is considered using the example of three completed research and development works. The described experimental studies of interaction of waves with structures were carried out in wave basins and tanks.
The objective of the research is to scientifically substantiate the requirements of regulatory documents for design of shore protection to ensure safe operation of the roadbed of railways and roads, bridge supports, and other transport structures operated under conditions of wave action on the shores of seas and lakes. In this case, the normalised parameters, depending on the hydrological (wind-wave and sea-level regimes of the water area and current), geological-morphological and lithodynamic (coastal zone dynamics) conditions are the types of protective structures used, planned and design solutions for protective hydraulic structures (location, elevations, dimensions), as well as the materials and products used for construction (including quality requirements).
The experimental design part of the described studies was carried out by the method of physical (hydraulic) modelling in wave basins and tanks. Physical modelling was carried out in accordance with the theory of similarity. At the same time, a «flat problem» is solved in wave tanks, and a «spatial problem» is solved in wave basins.

Modern extensive foreign and domestic experience in design and construction of multifunctional overpasses and bridges indicates that they have become an integral part of urbanised systems. They are endowed with the functions of important urban objects, and with their appearance they have won the right to be considered iconic structures. The subject of the article refers to architectural design of bridges and overpasses. The authors set themselves the task of considering the aspects of combining the main functional characteristics with the aesthetic properties of the object, designating visual components of the project and the specifics of alternativeness of design.
The objective of the work is to consider alternativeness in architectural design of bridges and overpasses. A complex method, combining an analysis of the historical and modern experience of architectural theory and design practices, was based on technical literary materials. The study resulted in formulating indicators and leading principles of alternative design.
The use of alternatives in the process of designing urban bridges and overpasses allows not only to consider functionality and economic feasibility of a particular project and construction of an object, but also its architectural and artistic orientation, aesthetic component, as well as the designer’s worldview and current trends in architecture. In the process of alternative design of bridges and overpasses, it is required to reproduce the overall complete image of the future structure, consider all kinds of details in structures and shape, and various criteria for layout and location in the environment.

While analysing the problem of increasing reliability and safety of the rail transportation process, it is shown that modern train traffic control systems do not automatically consider the events of decrease in reliability of railway infrastructure facilities; however, such a linkage is quite possible. The proposed architecture of a promising train traffic control system can be based on railway automation and remote-control (telemechanics) systems, which have a safe information interface with the means of continuous monitoring of railway infrastructure facilities.
The objective of the article is to present theoretical principles of managing reliability and safety of the transportation process using «new generation» automation systems, closely integrated with technical monitoring tools. A demonstrated simplified structure of the train traffic control system has an information interface with the means of continuous monitoring of railway infrastructure facilities. The developed reliability models of the train traffic control system consider the state of railway infrastructure facilities. It is shown that it is necessary to consider the safe state of the infrastructure system in the train traffic control system.
Possibilities of managing the risks of reduced reliability and safety of the transportation process are shown using stationary monitoring tools for railway infrastructure facilities. The improvement of monitoring technology and the effective use of stationary monitoring systems makes it practically possible to implement the function of managing reliability and safety of the transportation process and the entire railway complex.

The relevance of the study is determined by important social functions of the transport infrastructure in the life of modern society and the need for medical care for transport employees, which ensures continuity of provision of transport services, safety, and security of citizens.
The subject of this study is the current regulatory legal framework and the features of control (supervision) over quality and safety of medical activities in transport sector in the Russian Federation. The study consistently considers the legal framework for implementation of control (supervision) in the field of transport, analyses the system of bodies exercising it, their rights, powers, and visualize the features of inspections, overviews the rights of organisations in respect of which control (supervision) of quality and safety of medical activities is carried out.
The article studies the theoretical and regulatory legal aspects related to implementation of the control function of the state in transport sector, formulates proposals for improving the legal support for control over implementation of medical activities in transport field.

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of medical examinations of transport employees and identification of problems of differentiation of the legal regulation of relations in this area.
The subject of the study refers to the legal norms that establish the list of persons subject to mandatory medical examination, the factors to be assessed during the conduct of a medical examination, as well as the procedure for conducting medical examinations.
The objective of the study is to formulate the problems of legal regulation of medical examinations of employees involved in traffic and transportation, as well as to identify the need and real possibility of differentiating the legal regulation of medical examinations for various modes of transport, comprising road, railway, water and off-street transport.
Empirical research consists of several stages. At the first stage, a selection of modes of transport was carried out that included road, railway, water, and off-street transport. Within the framework of the second stage, using systematic, formal legal and comparative legal methods, the legislation regulating the medical examinations of employees employed in these modes of transport was analysed.
The results of the study show that today there is no legal act regulating the list of professions and positions and the procedure for passing a pre-trip (pre-shift) medical examination both for the entire crew of sea and river ship, and for employees whose labour function is directly related to vehicle movement; many normative acts come into conflict with each other and are partly outdated. In addition, as a result of the study, the authors established a digital transformation trend common to the legal regulation of most modes of transport: employers at the local level are trying to introduce automated systems for medical examinations to save financial and time resources. However, at the legislative level, such novels are permissible only in relation to aviation personnel. At the same time, the methods of conducting medical examinations, the established indicators and traumatic factors are not reoriented to conduct an examination through the use of digital technologies. The study concludes that there is a need for a differentiated approach to the legal regulation of the medical examination of employees involved in movement of transport vehicles, depending on the mode of transport.

The study has considered technical, organisational, and regulatory aspects of ensuring safety of transportation of dangerous goods by rail from the very beginnings of operation of domestic rolling stock to the present.
The main type of rolling stock for transportation of dangerous goods are special tank cars, the reliability and safety of which depends on the quality of design, the level of technology development in production of components, and the perfection of interconnected structural elements.
The study suggests a retrospective analysis of the most significant technological improvements in the design of tank cars and their most critical elements and considers in detail the experience of creating interdepartmental working groups with the participation of representatives of scientific organisations, design bureaus, developers, and operators of tank cars, which were engaged in an independent expert assessment of structures and units, manufacturing technologies, operation, monitoring issues, elimination of emergency situations with the subsequent development of recommendations and solutions aimed at preventing their occurrence.
The paper highlights the relevance and necessity of taking appropriate organisational measures related to the design, manufacture, operation, and control of tank cars for the transportation of dangerous goods, monitoring and elimination of emergency situations, processing and amending regulatory documents, based on positive historical experience.
It is proposed to consider the creation of a new generation of tank cars, a national or interstate standard in the field of monitoring the technical condition of tank cars for the transportation of dangerous goods, a permanent working group, a promising set of technical means of technical diagnostics, and a number of other possible solutions aimed at improving the safety of transportation of dangerous goods.

A brief history of formation, evolution and development of the RAPS (Russian Academy of Transport and Transportation), one of the leading educational units of additional professional education in transport, is disclosed.
The objective of preparing the article was to summarise the experience of the Academy in solving the problems of improving additional professional education (APE) over a 55-year period. The method of retrospective system analysis was used as a toolkit.
The initial model of organisation of the educational process and the corresponding organisational structure of a new type of educational institution are presented. The importance of attracting the heads of railway corporate entities and leading scientists of branch research institutes and design organisations to conduct classes is shown.
Changes in the organisational structure of the Academy related to refinement and scaling of the tasks to be solved are described. The analysis of the use of various forms and methods of training was carried out, the expediency of final qualifying works of students in solving urgent production problems was substantiated.
The essence of changes in the system of advanced training in railway transport during the transition from a planned to a market economy is revealed. The conceptual model of reorganisation of the Academy when working in terms of self-sufficiency is outlined. The procedure for the transition of an educational institution to full self-financing is described.
The necessity of forming a new type of a teacher – an organiser of training is substantiated. The main features of the work in market conditions are revealed. The characteristic of the formed organisational structure of the Academy is given.
The methods of solving complex problems by the Academy in the conditions of the large-scale economic crisis of the 1990s, including freezing the cost of training students for a certain period, are analysed.
The main directions of development of the Academy in the 2000s and the results obtained are shown. The most significant implemented projects are disclosed, including organisation of training of leading specialists of railway transport abroad.
The gradual transition of the Academy in the 2010s to the advanced training of specialists in various types of transport is illustrated. An analysis of the problems associated with work during a pandemic was carried out. The ways of improving the skills of trainees using the webinars are disclosed.
The main trends for improving the work of the Academy in the medium term are formulated.

A reproduced article published in the journal «Zheleznodorozhnoe delo» in 1912 is devoted to a project to build a railway linking the fluvial network of Siberia (approximately from the nowadays Salekhard to the Ob) with the Arctic coast in Varandey district, where it was supposed to build a seaport.
Although development of the transport infrastructure of the Polar Urals and the North of the European part of Russia eventually went the other way, the economic geography, the foreign trade balance changed, the article is of interest in its historical aspect by the balanced and detail-focused approach to the comprehensive assessment of complex transport projects that was developed more than 110 years ago and their feasibility study. The authors of the project under consideration took into account, when arguing, many factors – of a strategic nature (development of the Siberian region, reduction of the transport load on the backbone transport network of the European part of the country, minimisation of competition between domestic producers along the route of goods flows), foreign trade flows, seasonality of navigation along rivers and the Northern Sea Route, technical and economic aspects of construction, distribution of private and public investments, projected optimal tariffs and taxation, payback periods, taking into account payment of dividends, and many others.
Of course, the content of factors taken into account and assessment methods have changed significantly since then. One of the paradoxes is that, despite new technologies, modern engineers already assess the risks and difficulties of building in the subpolar zone much higher, while at the beginning of the last century this area was considered almost an easy and cheaper option for building a railway.
In general, we must give credit to the authors for complexity of their approaches, taking into account the time when they were made.
The authentic style, punctuation, lexis of the time have been preserved as maximum as possible while reproducing the article.
Part 2 is to be published in the next issue.

Yu. V. Trofimenko, M. R. Yakimov. Monograph «Transport planning: formation of efficient transport systems of large cities». 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Perm, RADAR agency, 2022, 536 p. ISBN 978-5-6048401-0-8.
The article is a review of the monograph «Transport planning: formation of efficient transport systems in large cities», prepared by well-known Russian transport scientists Yu. V. Trofimenko and M. R. Yakimov. The monograph summarises and systematizes extensive material on topical problems of functioning of the transport systems of large cities. The book also reflects modern approaches to transport planning and organisation of traffic in cities, methods for assessing quality of functioning of urban transport systems, issues of modelling and optimising design solutions for organising transport services for the population, as well as modern approaches to building transport management systems in territorial entities.