The design of high-speed railway lines (HSR) requires mandatory consideration of loads from the aerodynamic interaction of a moving train, the air environment and infrastructure facilities, acting both on structures and facilities, and on the train itself. Software systems of computational fluid dynamics are most expedient to determine the nature and intensity of the load.
To find the optimal approach to modelling the processes of aerodynamic interaction between a moving high-speed train and the air environment, as well as to assess the degree of validity of the simulation, a series of calculations were performed in the ANSYS CFX software environment using various approaches to the construction of calculation models (the sliding grid method and the immersed solid method). An analysis of the results of the performed calculations makes it possible to determine the area of rational application of the considered approaches in the development of computational models of aerodynamic interaction.
To verify the developed calculation models, experimental measurements of the aerodynamic impact of Sapsan high-speed electric train on the air environment were performed. Also, the developed models were verified based on the results of similar international experimental studies. Comparison of the results of numerical simulation and experimental measurements allows us to conclude that the developed computational models are sufficiently valid and can be further applied.

The aerodynamic optimisation of the shape of a monorail suspended unibus of string transport has been described within the study on the influence of geometric and structural elements on aerodynamic characteristics. The estimate was carried out through a comparative analysis of the features of two shapes of a model with a further change and recalculation of the model being finalised. The comparison was focused on the drag force and the shape drag coefficient. The calculations used a gas dynamics model based on the Reynolds equations using the Menter SST-k-ω (shear stress transport) turbulence model. To solve the equations to find the design functions, an upwind second-order discretisation scheme was used applying the «pressure–velocity» refinement procedure in the framework of SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar–Spalding with the ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics Software. The dimensions of the computational domain were chosen considering the geometric dimensions of the 3D model of the shape. Boundary conditions were identified in the solver. The simulation was carried out for the case of motion of a vehicle at a constant speed.
The calculations have shown the importance and influence of the geometry of the transition sections of the vehicle body, the mandatory use of wheel fairings and the advantages of the S-shaped tail. The proposed design optimisation made it possible to reduce the drag force and coefficient by 16,9 %. The studies have resulted in selection of the optimal vehicle model which has the lowest aerodynamic drag coefficient, which made it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the system and its environmental friendliness, and consequently, the profit potential of the transportation process.

Currently, the efficiency of transport systems, both at national level and while developing regional and interregional trade and cooperation links, is considered to be among most important factors for successful and sustainable economic development.
The enhancement of transport systems in many cases implies implementation of large infrastructure projects, supposing major investment and generating a series of economic and social effects. And if a few studies have already been devoted to the economic impact, the social sphere has not yet received due attention.
The paper refers to an attempt to fill this gap. The scope of the study regards passenger rail transport that has being dynamically developed in many countries and that is paid much attention in strategic documents on development of transport industry in the Russian Federation.
The objective of the study is to identify the positive and negative effects generated by projects for development of railways, and to propose approaches to their quantitative measurement.
The methods engaged in the study comprise the analysis of academic sources and methodological materials already developed abroad and in Russia, as well as relevant regulatory documents, including the methodology for assessing the socio-economic effects of transport infrastructure construction projects. This made it possible to systematise the existing social effects of railway transport into groups.
The shown examples of monetary assessment of these effects are based on the best foreign practices. The results could be useful to the investors and the public administration for making decisions on funding, as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of transport projects, which could ultimately allow to save budget funds, increase the return on investment and solve several social problems.

In modern, rapidly developing cities of the world, building an urban transport model requires traffic data. The lack of those data does not allow making timely management decisions on distribution of passenger flows, namely within transport flows.
Currently, there are various methods and systems for counting passenger flows, such as the manual staff counts, survey and counted ticketed entries methods, and various automated technology-based systems. However, those well-known methods have their drawbacks.
For this reason, the task to search for alternative methods and data sources for the study of passenger flows remains relevant.
This article is based on the updated results of the study recently conducted by the author during preparation of his master’s thesis. During the study and developing previous author’s papers, data on connections of passengers to Wi-Fi routers were chosen as a data source. Since this phase of the study was conducted on the territory of Moscow transport hub, in metro and on Moscow Central Diameters (MCD), where the cars are equipped with great number of Wi-Fi routers, with free connection and Internet access, it has increased the sample Wi-Fi data array significantly.
The objective of the study was to study the possibility of processing Wi-Fi data obtained from Wi-Fi scanners as a passenger flow analysis tool.
The study has revealed that, on average, up to 40 % of passengers in metro and MCD cars on the studied lines use the WI-FI module turned on in their mobile devices.
The results of the study have confirmed that Wi-Fi data can be used as a tool for passenger traffic analysis, but at the same time revealed the necessity to integrate them with other data sources, as well as the strong dependence of the result of Wi-Fi data processing on the technical features of the Wi-Fi scanner and its location in the vehicle during experiments.
This issue contains the second part of the article.

A proposed promising method for recognising damaged goods by external appearance of packaging using a learning neural network considers the predicted long-term growth in the volume of transported goods, the increasing influence of economic and territorial factors on transportation processes, the complexity of logistics services and the increase in requirements for their quality, the spread of information technology and the improvement of artificial intelligence tools.
The objective of the study is to describe the principles of using an artificial neural network to identify damaged goods by their external appearance. The relevance of the problem is confirmed by data on damage to goods during transportation. The methods used in the study help collecting and analysing data, describing and comparing existing and promising technologies, monitoring and modelling the process of cargo handling, and summarising the results. The analysis of common and promising methods of prevention and detection of cargo damage is backed by the results of research on detecting defects on various surfaces and recognising signs and colours in motion using intelligent technologies.
The problems of recognising damages on packaging in complex and unfavourable conditions for machine vision are solved with the help of a convolutional neural network. In accordance with the proposed algorithm, image capture is carried out using standard video surveillance cameras. From the image entered into the neural network, fragments with characteristic features are distinguished, which are further checked for compliance with damage patterns. Following damage contour analysis, the neural network recognises the cargo as damaged. The process of training the neural network and integrating the proposed tool throughout the supply chain ensures the recognition of actually damaged goods and elimination of errors associated with minor permissible damage and packaging features. The proposed concept does not require the installation of additional equipment and does not imply a significant cost of damaged cargo recognition services. The paper offers and describes processes of video recording of the cargo flow, loading an image into a neural network, and a model for recognising damaged cargo by the external appearance of the package.

Efficient cargo transportation at major transport hubs its management is critical to global trade. Existing systems for organising cargo transportation do not provide traceability, transparency, information security and immutability of data stored and exchanged during various operational processes. Consequently, this negatively affects the performance of transport hubs.
The use of digital applications of information and communication technology (ICT) in the transport industry can lead to highly automated processes and more cost-effective solutions. Cargo transportation requires the use of real-time data exchange between the various stakeholders involved in the process. Traditional ICTbased logistics systems use a centralised architecture to allocate and process data and services. However, centralised logistics systems cannot provide secure real-time data access, operational visibility, and trust between participating organisations.
Automating various functions of transport hubs with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing can adequately improve the performance of transport hub operations. These operations include automation of the vehicle interface, container yards, intra-port logistics, and the terminal reception area.
The objective of the research is to increase the efficiency of organisational and functional activities of transport hubs through digitalisation. Significant are the methods of applying an integrated approach that combines confirmation of feasibility of participation of a port facility in servicing the cargo traffic in terms of delivery «just in time» and of economic feasibility of participation of the facility in the channel of cargo flows to save operating costs. Possibilities for improving the process are considered from the point of view of integration of information exchange between different participants using end-to-end technologies in transport hubs, namely, the blockchain concept, to optimise operations by integrating and exchanging information between participants in the transportation process.

Creation and development of ecosystems in the field of transport and logistics is inextricably linked with development of digital platforms that integrate information exchange processes and ensure interaction of participants in these business ecosystems. In this context, modern business ecosystems in the field of transport and logistics are becoming a new form of organising participants in the transportation process (participants in the supply chain), and digital platforms underlying them are becoming a digital tool for ensuring their coordination and effective management.
Currently, development of digital platforms within the framework of building business ecosystems in transport and logistics, including international transport corridors, is taking place in the EU states, several Asian states, as well as in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The implementation of these projects requires the development of scientifically based approaches in terms of determining the principles for building these digital platforms, as well as of the development of organisational and technological solutions to ensure their creation and operation.
The objective of the study presented in the framework of this article was to study organisational, technological and legal issues of multimodal transportation along international transport corridors (ITC), aimed at developing conceptual, organisational and technological solutions that ensure construction, operation and development of digital platforms for managing transportation along the ITC, corresponding to the real needs of the transport and logistics system, the current legal norms, the modern and future developments of digital technologies in transport industry.
The authors of the article proposed a set of refined principles for formation of digital platforms to ensure development of international transport corridors, including within the ecosystem of digital transport corridors of the EAEU. The study has resulted in development of top-level architectural solutions, key parameters of information exchange between digital platforms of the ecosystem of digital transport corridors of the EAEU as part of the project currently being implemented to form a digital platform of international transport corridors.

The tasks of transport planning are relevant for most countries and comprise implemenation of solutions at regional and local level. The development of transport planning documents in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an acute problem and implies the achievement of such goals as improving the quality of passenger transportation and reducing transportation costs. Each of the transport planning documents includes a list of measures, the implementation of which improves the quality of passenger service and the efficiency of the use of rolling stock.
The objective of the article is to determine the significance of the influence of technical and operational factors on the resulting indicators of passenger service quality and efficiency of rolling stock use. The research applied experiment planning method described in the work of Yu. P. Adler.
The experiment planning method used makes it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the influence of factors with the same reliability as with other methods. The evaluation was carried out for independent or conditionally independent factors. In the researched case, such factors comprise the number of buses on the route, the length of the route, the turnaround time, the downtime at the terminal points, the allowable deviation from the schedule, the work hours of the drivers, the zero mileage of all buses.
Constants in the calculations are independent factors related to the characteristics of the demand for transportation, since when carrying out measures to improve the organisation of the work of buses on routes, they cannot be influenced. These factors comprise the walking distance on the route, the average travel distance of a passenger on the route and the passenger flow on the most loaded haul.
The method is implemented in the article on the example of an operating bus on the route. For all basic factors, the upper, lower, and main levels are set. Based on the analysis of the actual values of technical and operational indicators on the existing routes of Moscow region, the numerical values of the above levels were determined. Next, the variation intervals for each factor were selected. An experiment in which all possible combinations of factor levels are implemented is known as a full factorial experiment. The coefficients calculated from the results of the experiment indicate the strength of the influence of a factor. The value of the coefficient corresponds to the contribution of this factor to the value of the optimisation parameter when the factor moves from the zero level to the upper or lower one.
As a result of the research, it was found that five basic factors influence the time spent by a passenger, travel comfort, and the completeness of revenue collection, and ten factors affect the daily costs of servicing the route for a carrier. The specificity of the problem is that for all four optimisation parameters, one and the same matrix can be constructed. To conduct a full factorial experiment with varying ten factors at two levels, it is necessary to carry out more than a thousand calculation options. However, in accordance with the methodology, in this case, we can limit ourselves to the minimum number of calculations. On this basis, an experiment planning matrix was built, then, based on the results of calculations, the coefficients in the regression equations for each of the optimisation parameters can be determined. The regression coefficients obtained when calculating the experiment design matrix are similar to those that could be obtained as a result of calculations using the least squares method. Based on this, it is possible to calculate all the statistical characteristics of the basic factors necessary to determine the closeness of the relationship between the factors and optimisation parameters, as well as between the factors themselves.
The experiment planning method used in the study made it possible to identify the factors influencing each of the four optimisation parameters. Therefore, the explicit dependence of the optimisation parameters on such a factor as the number of buses on the route was confirmed, but at the same time, the factors were ranked according to the degree of their influence on the result. The correspondence of the obtained results to real and obvious dependencies has allowed to conclude that the chosen method and its implementation are correct.

The object of the study of the article is the passenger transport network of the city of Bryansk. The task of improving transport services for the population is solved in the context of modernising vehicle fleet, transport infrastructure and in-depth implementation of digital technologies. The analytical method allowed to assess the state of the transport system of the city of Bryansk. The assessment touched upon several interrelated areas that provide a high quality of transport services. The data were obtained by studying open Internet resources, including the website of the administration of the city of Bryansk, and through field observations.
Work on updating the fleet of route vehicles is carried out within the framework of the «Concept for development of public transport in the city of Bryansk for the period 2015–2025», which over the past four years has led to a significant renewal of the bus fleet of medium and large capacity and to the decrease in the share of buses of small capacity. The road network has also been significantly upgraded.
The routes of urban passenger transport have been analysed from the point of view of the degree of duplication. Guidelines for improving the routes of the transport network are proposed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate energetically the effect of hydration degree and mixture type (rich mixture α = 0,85 and lean mixture α = 0,15) on the use of ethanol and gasoline mixtures in spark ignition engines. The experiments were carried out in the Propulsion Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering Sciences of Agrarian University of Havana (AUH). The JACTO model engine used has an effective power of 1,2 kW, speed 580 rpm, combustion chamber volume 34 cm³. Before combustion, the degree of ethanol hydration was determined (80 %; 85 %; 90 %; 95 %). Taking into account the influence of the percentage of purity of ethanol and air excess coefficient (α), when using combustible mixtures, analyses were carried out on the following parameters: air-fuel ratio (r_a/f) and fuel-air ratio (r_f/a); internal energy of combustion products (U_z); the number of moles of raw materials in the mixture for gasoline engines (M₁) and the number of moles of products during combustion (M₂). Based on the experimental work performed and the energy analysis of the combustion process, it was shown that the mixture of gasoline E-10-EH-80 % received more air and fuel than ratio necessary to achieve combustion, reaching 11,781 kg (air)/kg (fuel) for α = 0,85 and 15,309 kg (air)/kg (fuel) for α = 1,15. This is due to the fact that this is a mixture with increased moisture, because it contains more oxygen atoms, which impoverishes the mixture, and guarantees the best quality in the combustion process. But rich mixtures (α = 0,85) were the most energy efficient, which is associated with an increase in the octane number, that is, the antiknock ability of the fuel mixture used, which improves the quality of combustion, although it reduces the energy output during an explosion (detonation).

In the context of a fundamental change in the fundamental approaches to building a traffic management system, traditionally based on establishing the driver’s duty to ensure constant control over the traffic situation and, accordingly, presuming his responsibility for harm caused by a source of increased danger, the problem of legal regulation of the use of highly automated vehicles equipped with an automated driving system that does not provide for participation of the driver in the dynamic control of the car becomes not only relevant in theoretical, but also especially significant from practical aspects.
The objective of the comprehensive study being conducted by the authors was to identify and visualise key groups of problems of legal regulation of the operation of cars with an automated driving system, to formulate proposals for their solution as part of a subsequent systemic legal study. This article is devoted to the results of consideration of the first block of the identified issues.
Using the methods of the system-legal approach, formal-logical and formal-dogmatic analysis, the authors have identified the most problematic issues of legalising the terminology used in positive law and scientific sources. In particular, options for identifying the essential features of highly automated cars are proposed with the purpose to further legislatively determine the cars that should be classified as highly automated, to reveal which software and hardware complex can be considered an automated driving system, etc.
Based on the results of solving the scientific problem, which consists in determining the directions for adapting the legislation governing the requirements for safety of vehicles and the procedure for their admission to operation for the needs of the widespread introduction of highly automated vehicles, the research can be carried out in two directions at the same time: to develop upper-level, essential requirements to safety and to develop specific, purely technical requirements for automated driving systems, as well as to develop a methodology for testing them.
As a part of the taxonomic analysis carried out by the authors to determine, on a fundamentally new basis, the range of rights and obligations of the participants in the relations under the study, it is proposed to highlight the problem of distinguishing between situations in which the driver needs to take an active part in driving a car from situations in which he is not required to be actively involved. into this process.
When considering issues of liability for harm caused by a car with an automated driving system, the article focuses on the need to solve the problem of balancing the responsibility of the car owner and the manufacturer, which can be facilitated by the application of methods of comparative legal analysis.

News from the archives
This material briefly reproduces the main content of the article by Alexander Kritsky in the «Railway Business» journal in 1891 and 1892. The very fact of a multi-issue and very voluminous publication shows how much attention was paid at one time to the issue of air purity in railway passenger cars.
The original punctuation, vocabulary and abbreviations adopted at that time are preserved in the text as much as possible.

The article is a review of the textbook «Legal regulation of the market economics (on the example of the transport industry)» for students of transport universities studying in master’s programs, prepared by the team of the Department of Transport Law of the Law Institute of Russian University of Transport under the general editorship of the Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation, D.Sc. (Law), professor A. I. Zemlin. The author notes not only the relevance of topics in the content of the textbook, but also multidimensionality of their coverage: from theoretical aspects to the practices of their implementation. The depth of the scientific approach, demonstrated by the authors, ensures a complete and comprehensive assimilation of the material, ensuring practical significance and potential relevance of the textbook. The authors managed to determine the optimal amount of sufficiency of didactic material in the textbook for formation of legal competencies among highly qualified specialists in the field of transport, as well as employees of public agencies and corporate governance bodies, necessary for successful performance of their duties in the market economy.

Even though the main event of the first half of 2022 for Bulletin of Organization for Cooperation between Railways was its 65^th anniversary, OSJD Bulletin continued to publish materials on the most significant events in the life of the organization, which will undoubtedly be of interest to readers of World of Transport and Transportation.
With the consent of the editors of OSJD Bulletin, we reproduce the content of a number of materials published in its issue 1‒2 for 2022.