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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mirtr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Мир транспорта</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>World of Transport and Transportation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1992-3252</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian University of Transport (RUT)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30932/1992-3252-2023-21-1-9</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mirtr-2426</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MANAGEMENT, CONTROL AND ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Адекватность гравитационной модели для железнодорожных пассажиропотоков</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Adequacy of the Gravity Model of Railway Passenger Flows</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартыненко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мартыненко Александр Валериевич - кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, руководитель научно-исследовательской лаборатории транспортного моделирования; старший научный сотрудник </p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Martynenko, Alexander V., Ph.D. (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor, Head of the Scientific Research Laboratory of Transport Modelling; Senior Researcher </p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amartynenko@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайфутдинов</surname><given-names>Д. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saifutdinov</surname><given-names>D. Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сайфутдинов Денис Жавдатович - аспирант кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин </p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saifutdinov, Denis Zh, Ph.D. student at the Department of Natural Sciences </p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">densssovv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный университет путей сообщения (УрГУПС); Центр развития и размещения производительных сил Института экономики Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (ИЭ УрО РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State University of Railway Transport (USURT); Centre for Development and Allocation of Productive Forces of the Institute of Economics of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IE UB of RAS)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный университет путей сообщения (УрГУПС)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State University of Railway Transport (USURT)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мартыненко А.В., Сайфутдинов Д.Ж., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мартыненко А.В., Сайфутдинов Д.Ж.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Martynenko A.V., Saifutdinov D.Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mirtr.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2426">https://mirtr.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2426</self-uri><abstract><p>Необходимой предпосылкой успешного планирования развития транспортной системы является как можно более точное моделирование пространственного рас­пределения пассажиропотоков, на основании которого рассчитывается прогнозная матрица корреспонденций. Одним из основных методов моделирования является поДхоД, основанный на использовании гравитационной модели.</p><p>В настоящей работе исследуется вопрос об адекват­ности гравитационной модели с двойным ограничением и показательно-степенной функцией тяготения. Именно такая спецификация модели и её частные случаи с показа­тельной и степенной функциями тяготения наиболее часто применяются для оценки пространственного распределения пассажиропотоков как в теоретических, так и в прикладных исследованиях.</p><p>В статье показана калибровка и валидация указанной модели на наблюдаемой (фактической) матрице пассажир­ских железнодорожных корреспонденций, для формирования которой были использованы данные из АБД АСУ «Экспресс»: количество проданных билетов на поезда дальнего следова­ния для всех пар станций, между которыми существует прямое железнодорожное сообщение.</p><p>Поскольку калибровка гравитационной модели может быть осуществлена разными методами (в зависимости от того, как в модель включена стохастичность, отвечающая за различия между модельными и наблюдаемыми данными), то в работе выполнен детальный анализ наиболее часто встречающихся методов калибровки гравитационной моде­ли и в результате был выбран подход, основанный на мето­де максимального правдоподобия. Также в работе проанали­зирован инструментарий валидации гравитационной модели, используемый для оценки близости между наблюдаемой и модельной матрицами корреспонденций.</p><p>В результате сравнения модельной и наблюдаемой матриц корреспонденций установлено, что рассматривае­мая гравитационная модель с высокой степенью точности прогнозирует агрегированные показатели: общий пассажирооборот, среднюю дальность поездки и распределение дальности поездок. В то же время показано, что погреш­ность прогноза пассажиропотока для большинства отдель­ных корреспонденций достаточно велика. Это обстоятель­ство существенно снижает возможность практического применения гравитационной модели для анализа и модели­рования пассажиропотоков в железнодорожном пассажирском сообщении дальнего следования.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The most accurate modelling of spatial distribution of passenger flows is a prerequisite for successful planning of development of the transport system. It is the basis for calculation of a predictive trip matrix. An approach based on the gravity model is among main modelling methods.</p><p>The work investigates the issue of the adequacy of the gravity model with a double constraint and an exponential-power function of gravitation. It is this specification of the model and its particular cases with exponential and power functions of gravitation that are most often used to estimate spatial distribution of passenger flows both in theoretical and applied research.</p><p>Calibration and validation of the specified model is shown on the observed (actual) matrix of railway passenger origin­destination matrix. It was built with the help of the data of Express [railway ticketing] ADB ACS: the number of tickets sold for long-distance trains for all the pairs of directly linked stations.</p><p>Since calibration of the gravity model can be carried out by different methods (depending on how the model incorporates stochasticity, which is responsible for differences between the modelled and observed data), after a detailed analysis of the most common methods for calibrating the gravity model, the approach was chosen based on the maximum likelihood estimation. The work also analyses the gravity model validation tools used to estimate the proximity between the observed and modelled trip matrices.</p><p>Comparison of the modelled and observed trip matrices resulted in the conclusion that the gravity model under consideration predicts several aggregate indicators with a high degree of accuracy: total passenger turnover, average travel distance, and travel distance distribution. At the same time, it is shown that the error in the forecast of passenger flow for most individual origin-destination trips is quite large. This circumstance significantly reduces the possibility of practical application of the gravity model or the analysis and modelling of passenger flows in long-distance railway passenger traffic.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>железнодорожное пассажирское сообщение</kwd><kwd>гравитационная модель</kwd><kwd>матрица корреспонденций</kwd><kwd>калибровка модели</kwd><kwd>валидация модели</kwd><kwd>адекватность модели</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gravity model</kwd><kwd>railway passenger traffic</kwd><kwd>trip matrix</kwd><kwd>model calibration</kwd><kwd>model validation</kwd><kwd>model adequacy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">статья подготовлена в соответствии с планом НИР УрГУПС</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the article was prepared in accordance with the research plan of Ural State University of Railway Transport.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ortuzar, J. de D., Willumsen, L. 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