For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version). ABSTRACT The article shows the dynamics of population growth in the largest cities in the world and the proportional growth in the number of vehicles, the effect of road transport emissions on health of urban population and environment, the maximum permissible levels of harmful substances emissions into the atmosphere, and the data on air pollution in the world megacities. Cause-effect relations are considered and the damage, including economic, is estimated from pollution of atmospheric air. The programs of international organizations to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere are considered. Technical solutions are proposed to reduce the impact of road transport on the atmosphere of cities. The main measures and ways to reduce the environmental load in transport systems of large cities of the world are formulated, in particular, the refusal of diesel buses and the transition to buses with electric motors. Russian federal and regional programs to reduce the level of harmful substances in the atmosphere from road transport, as well as the main provisions of the new environmental strategy of the city of Moscow for the period until 2030, are considered and studied. Based on this strategy, the tasks of qualitative transformation of the city’s transport system, reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and noise reduction have been defined. The results of tests of domestic and foreign models of electric buses on the routes of the capital are presented in the framework of implementation of the activities of the Government of Moscow aimed at developing and improving land urban passenger transport, reducing the congestion of the road network and improving the environmental situation. Keywords: environmental pollution, atmospheric air, road transport, electric bus, metropolis, charging station.