For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version). ABSTRACT The article considers one of the key characteristics of the new industrial revolution which is the increase in environmental friendliness of production or the «ecological imperative». Areas for improving environmental friendliness in the transport sector have been identified, and a number of inventions (innovative proposals) have been analyzed that contribute to the implementation of the ecological imperative. On the basis of the analysis, a matrix classification of innovations is presented, representing innovations significant for transport, primarily railway. Conclusions are drawn regarding the long-term development of rail transport in order to improve its environmental friendliness, an adequate response to the global challenges of the future. 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